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<p>ESL</p><p>EnglishasaSecondLanguage</p><p>Grammar</p><p>Intermediate&Advanced</p><p>MaryEllenMuñozPage</p><p>Research&EducationAssociation</p><p>Visitourwebsiteat</p><p>www.rea.com</p><p>http://www.rea.com</p><p>At REA we’re committed to producing books in an Earth-friendly manner and to helping our customers make greener</p><p>choices.</p><p>Manufacturing books in theUnitedStates ensures compliancewith strict environmental laws and eliminates the need for</p><p>internationalfreightshipping,amajorcontributortoglobalairpollution.</p><p>Andprintingonrecycledpaperhelpsminimizeourconsumptionoftrees,waterandfossilfuels.Thisbookwasprintedon</p><p>paper made with 10% post-consumer waste. According to Environmental Defense’s Paper Calculator, by using this</p><p>innovativepaperinsteadofconventionalpapers,weachievedthefollowingenvironmentalbenefits:</p><p>TreesSaved:10•AirEmissionsEliminated:2,110pounds</p><p>WaterSaved:1,921gallons•SolidWasteEliminated:622pounds</p><p>Formoreinformationonourenvironmentalpractices,pleasevisitusonlineatwww.rea.com/green</p><p>Research&EducationAssociation</p><p>61EthelRoadWest</p><p>Piscataway,NewJersey08854</p><p>E-mail:info@rea.com</p><p>ESLGrammar:IntermediateandAdvanced</p><p>Published2011</p><p>Copyright©2007byResearch&EducationAssociation,Inc.</p><p>Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformwithoutpermissionofthe</p><p>publisher.</p><p>PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica</p><p>LibraryofCongressControlNumber2006923970</p><p>ISBN-13:978-0-7386-0101-4</p><p>http://www.rea.com/green</p><p>mailto:info@rea.com</p><p>ISBN-10:0-7386-0101-2</p><p>TOEFL®andTestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage™aretrademarksof</p><p>EducationalTestingService(ETS),whichdoesnotendorsethisbook.</p><p>REA®isaregisteredtrademarkof</p><p>Research&EducationAssociation,Inc.</p><p>AboutResearch&EducationAssociation</p><p>Founded in 1959, Research & Education Association is dedicated to</p><p>publishing the finest and most effective educational materials—including</p><p>software, study guides, and test preps—for students in middle school, high</p><p>school, graduate school, and beyond. Today, REA’s wide-ranging catalog is a</p><p>leadingresourceforteachers,students,andprofessionals.</p><p>Weinviteyoutovisitusatwww.rea.comtofindouthow“REAismaking</p><p>theworldsmarter.”</p><p>AboutThisBook</p><p>OpenanewworldofopportunitybymasteringtheEnglishlanguage.ESL</p><p>Grammar:IntermediateandAdvanced is trulyforeveryone,whether inschool</p><p>or on the job. This comprehensive and challenging guide serves as an ideal</p><p>supplement to textbooks, languagecourses, andmostother studyaids and test</p><p>preparationbooks.ButwithitsthoroughcoverageofEnglishgrammar,easy-to-</p><p>followexercises,glossary,andcompleteanswerkey, thisbookcanbeusedby</p><p>itselfwithconfidence.</p><p>TheabilitytowriteandspeakEnglisheffectivelyisnecessaryforsuccessin</p><p>any study area,whether it beEnglish, science,mathematics, or social studies.</p><p>Therefore,moststandardizedschoolandvocationaltests—aswellastheTestof</p><p>EnglishasaForeignLanguage,orTOEFL—requirethatstudentsdemonstratea</p><p>command of the English language, which is whywe have included a helpful</p><p>guidetonotetaking,studying,andtesttaking.</p><p>English writing and speaking skills are invaluable for getting a job and</p><p>advancing in your chosen career. Employers (and their clients) often judge</p><p>employees according to their ability to communicate effectively and in a</p><p>productiveway.Thisbook—aswellasREA’scompanionvolume,ESLWriting:</p><p>Intermediate and Advanced—can help you take command of the English</p><p>http://www.rea.com</p><p>languageandexpressyourselfwithprecision…andsuccess.</p><p>HowtoUseThisBook</p><p>Thisbookisoneofthemoststraightforwardstudyguidesyouwillfind.As</p><p>you can see from the table of contents, all aspects of English grammar are</p><p>effectivelycovered.Eachsectioncontainsclearexplanations,simpleexamples,</p><p>andampleexercisesforyoutopracticeandlearn.Theanswerkeyatthebackof</p><p>the book is an ideal reference bywhichyou can judge your progress, and the</p><p>glossary stands ready to clear up any uncertainties about terms and their</p><p>meanings.</p><p>REA wishes you all the best on your climb up the ladder to English-</p><p>languagemastery—andthesuccessthatyouwillenjoyinworkandinlife!</p><p>AbouttheAuthor</p><p>Mary Ellen Muñoz Page is a former Bilingual Training Specialist and</p><p>Spanish professor at the University of Florida in Gainesville. She received a</p><p>B.A. inSpanish andhistory andanM.A. inSpanish,both fromCaseWestern</p><p>Reserve University, in Cleveland, Ohio. As a professor, Ms. Muñoz Page</p><p>receivedthree“VoyagesofDiscovery”mini-grantstodevelopculturalmodules</p><p>on Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Spain.Ms.Muñoz Page is also the author of</p><p>books for the TOEFL Test (Test of English as a Foreign Language) and the</p><p>ESOL Examination (English for Speakers of Other Languages). She was</p><p>selectedforWho’sWhoAmongAmericanTeachersin1996and1998.</p><p>AuthorAcknowledgments</p><p>Thisbookislovinglydedicatedtomymother,EdnaI.Schmidt,whoalways</p><p>madesurethatIusedpropergrammar.ToallmyESLstudentswhoseunceasing</p><p>questionsprompted thewritingof thismanual, I givemy thanks.ToMaureen</p><p>Jennings,forherhelpinthefinalassemblyofthisbook,myundyinggratitude.</p><p>REAAcknowledgments</p><p>Inadditiontotheauthor,wewouldliketothankStevenM.Gras,technical</p><p>reviewer;LarryB.Kling,VicePresident,Editorial,forsupervisingdevelopment;</p><p>PamWeston, Vice President, Publishing, for setting the quality standards for</p><p>production integrity and managing the publication to completion; Anne</p><p>Winthrop Esposito and Diane Goldschmidt, Senior Editors, for project</p><p>management and preflight editorial review and post-production quality</p><p>assurance; Christine Saul, Senior Graphic Artist, for cover design; and Jeff</p><p>LoBalbo, Senior Graphic Artist, for postproduction file mapping. We also</p><p>gratefullyacknowledge the teamatAquentPublishingServices for typesetting</p><p>themanuscript.</p><p>Contents</p><p>Part1–IntermediateGrammar</p><p>Chapter1–Pronouns</p><p>SubjectPronouns</p><p>ReflexivePronouns</p><p>RelativePronouns</p><p>ImpersonalSubjectsItandThere</p><p>Chapter2–Adjectives</p><p>PossessiveAdjectivesBeforeGerunds</p><p>SomeandAny</p><p>ComparisonofAdjectives</p><p>Chapter3–Adverbs</p><p>FrequencyAdverbs</p><p>Yet,Still,Already,Never,Ever</p><p>Chapter4–Prepositions</p><p>Chapter5–Conjunctions</p><p>Chapter6–Verbs</p><p>AuxiliaryVerbs</p><p>UsingAuxiliaryVerbs</p><p>PastTense</p><p>Ago</p><p>ProgressiveTenses</p><p>PresentandPresentProgressive</p><p>Infinitives</p><p>LinkingVerbs</p><p>UsingAdjectiveswithLinkingVerbs</p><p>DoandMake</p><p>AffirmativeandNegativeCommands</p><p>NegativeCommands</p><p>UsedTo•BeUsedTo•GetUsedTo</p><p>’sand’dContractions</p><p>Part2–AdvancedGrammar</p><p>Chapter7–Pronouns</p><p>PossessivePronouns</p><p>TransformationofDirectandIndirectObjects</p><p>ReciprocalPronouns</p><p>Who,Whom,Whoever,andWhomever</p><p>PronounReference</p><p>OtherandItsForms</p><p>Chapter8–Adjectives</p><p>AdjectivesEndingin-ly</p><p>NounsasAdjectives</p><p>ParticiplesasAdjectives</p><p>ComparisonsofAdjectives</p><p>SequenceofAdjectivesasNounModifiers</p><p>Chapter9–Conjunctions</p><p>Chapter10–Verbs</p><p>PerfectTenses</p><p>PastandPresentPerfect</p><p>SimplePastandPresentPerfect</p><p>PastandPastPerfect</p><p>PresentPerfectProgressive</p><p>PastandPastProgressive</p><p>VerbsFollowedbyInfinitives</p><p>VerbsFollowedbyGerunds</p><p>TroublesomeVerbs</p><p>ConditionalTenses</p><p>Unless</p><p>PossibilityandProbability</p><p>Subject/VerbAgreement</p><p>IrregularPlurals</p><p>ProblemswithPrepositionalPhrases</p><p>ActiveandPassiveVoice</p><p>Subjunctive</p><p>SayandTell</p><p>SequenceofTenses</p><p>Chapter11–Test-TakingTechniques</p><p>TestTypes</p><p>Note-TakingSkills</p><p>WaystoImproveYourStudySkills</p><p>HowtoPreviewInformation</p><p>HowtoPrepareforTests</p><p>Glossary</p><p>Appendices</p><p>AppendixA–UseofArticlesA,An,and</p><p>onJune14,1965,inahouseonMadisonStreet.</p><p>At:exactaddress,specifictime,athome/school/work/therestaurant,withcertain</p><p>expressionssuchasat first/last/least/once/present/themost/yourdiscretion/your</p><p>convenience/thismoment/thistime/amoreconvenienttime</p><p>ThepartywillbeheldattheGovernor’sClubat7:30p.m.</p><p>Of: to show possession, pertaining to, used with certain expressions (see</p><p>AppendixD)</p><p>TheparentsofJohnandMaryliveinoneofthesuburbseastoftown.</p><p>In the absence of the president, the vice president conducted the</p><p>meeting.</p><p>From:origin,outof,giver</p><p>JanreceivedaletterfromherunclefromFrance.</p><p>For:during,insteadof,intendedreceiver,becauseof</p><p>Theexamfortomorrowisfortheeleveno’clockclass.</p><p>EXERCISE37</p><p>Fromthelistofprepositions,selectthebestonetocompletethemeaning.</p><p>Somemayberepeated,andsomemayhavemultipleanswers.</p><p>Thebosssaidthatwemustbe1)________theoffice2)________nine</p><p>o’clock,nolater.Iwokeuplate,jumped3)________thecaranddrove4)</p><p>________work.Mymotherdividedthecookies5)________myfriends</p><p>andme.Wearrivedlate6)_________therain.7)________yougo8)</p><p>________thehouse,youmustunlockthedoor.Thebirdsflew9)________</p><p>thetrees10)________thathotsummerday11)________May.Lucy’s</p><p>sisterwasborn12)________Baltimore13)________June22,1970.</p><p>Arnoldlives14)________2754BentonRoad.Scottis15)________love</p><p>16)________Sandi,andtheywillmarrysoon.Thepolicetookthedrugs</p><p>17)________thesellers.Ourplanetook18)________anhourlate.We</p><p>haveanagreement19)________ustwonottocriticizeeachother.Harry</p><p>boughttheflowers20)________Peggy21)________herbirthday.</p><p>ColumbusdiscoveredAmerica22)________1500.Lookforyourglasses</p><p>23)________theshelf24)________thetelevision.I’mthinking25)</p><p>________visitingmycousinthissummer.</p><p>EXERCISE38</p><p>Supplythecorrectpreposition.</p><p>1.Thepoliceaccusedthem______robbingthebank.</p><p>2.Youmusttake______accountthathewasveryyoungthen.</p><p>3.Don’tworry______anything.I’lltakecare_______everything.</p><p>4.Whowillpay______thedamages______yourcar?</p><p>5.Theyarethinking______moving______California.</p><p>6.It’saquestion______findingtherightman______thejob.</p><p>7.Doesanyoneobject______mysmokingacigarette?</p><p>8.He’snotinterested______money______all.</p><p>9.Shereallydied______abrokenheart.</p><p>10.Iaskedthepharmacist______something______aheadache.</p><p>11.Hepouredthewine______ourglasses.</p><p>12.Heisalways______ahurry.</p><p>13.Iaskedthewaitresstotake______thedirtydishes.</p><p>14.Hetookme______thearmandhelpedme______thestreet.</p><p>15.Thisisanexception______therule.</p><p>16.Thesignsaid,“Keep______thegrass.”</p><p>17.Somepeoplehavestrangeideas______bringing______children.</p><p>18.Idreamed______youalllastnight.</p><p>19.Thereissomeoneknocking______thedoor.</p><p>20.Whywasshetalking______him?</p><p>EXERCISE39</p><p>Circlethecorrectpreposition.</p><p>TheRaExpedition</p><p>1.(In,On)1937whileThorHeyerdahlandhiswifewere2.(by,on)a</p><p>littleisland3.(for,in)theMarquesas4.(on,in)thePacificOcean,hebegan</p><p>tothink5.(about,to)storieshehadheardconcerningthegreatPolynesian</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>sun-godTiki.Thisandaseries6.(for,of)eventsledThorHeyerdahl,a</p><p>Norwegian,andfiveothermentoundertakeone7.(for,of)themostdaring</p><p>adventures8.(of,about)ourtimes—that9.(of,to)crossingthePacific</p><p>Ocean10.(on,under)abalsaraftashebelievedtheancientPolynesians</p><p>haddone.</p><p>TheKon-Tiki,astheraftwascalled11.(to,in)honor12.(of,for)the</p><p>sungod,sailedsome4,300nauticalmiles13.(for,from)Peru14.(for,to)</p><p>thePolynesianIslands.15.(On,By)theopensea,theyhadtowithstand</p><p>manygalesandstorms,aswellasfight16.(off,of)sharks.Whentheir</p><p>provisionsranout,theyfished17.(over,for)foodandcollectedrainwater</p><p>todrink.</p><p>The101-daytripproved18.(for,to)Heyerdahlandtheother</p><p>adventurersthatitwaspossible19.(by,for)thePolynesianstohave</p><p>traveled20.(for,from)SouthAmerica21.(to,on)theirislandmany</p><p>centuriesbefore.</p><p>EXERCISE40</p><p>Selectthecorrectprepositiontocompletethesentence.</p><p>1.Afterjumping_________thecoldpool,theswimmersbegantoshiver.</p><p>A.into</p><p>B.on</p><p>C.under</p><p>D.beneath</p><p>2.RafaellivesintheEasternpartofVenezuelasome200milesfrom</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>Caracasat18feet_________sealevel.</p><p>A.ontopof</p><p>B.at</p><p>C.over</p><p>D.above</p><p>3.JanplanstovisitArizona_________themiddleofspring</p><p>A.at</p><p>B.around</p><p>C.to</p><p>D.for</p><p>4.Didyoumeettheguestspeaker_________theconference?</p><p>A.at</p><p>B.in</p><p>C.on</p><p>D.over</p><p>5.Thepresidentialcandidate’sspeechtodaywasinconsistent_________</p><p>hisremarksmadeatpreviousgatherings.</p><p>A.to</p><p>B.with</p><p>C.about</p><p>D.of</p><p>6.Theassignmentswereequallydivided_________thefivework-study</p><p>studentsinthecommunityeducationdepartment.</p><p>A.among</p><p>B.between</p><p>C.for</p><p>D.into</p><p>7.Wetriedtodiscouragethestudents_________writingontopicsthat</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>weretoodifficultforthemtocompletesuccessfully.</p><p>A.to</p><p>B.for</p><p>C.from</p><p>D.about</p><p>8.Bothsoccerandfootballteamsconsist_________elevenactiveplayers</p><p>foreachteamonthefield.</p><p>A.in</p><p>B.on</p><p>C.of</p><p>D.to</p><p>9.Someeducatorsaretryingtodoaway_________thenewmathematics</p><p>becauseithasnotbeenassuccessfulastheyhadhoped.</p><p>A.from</p><p>B.to</p><p>C.for</p><p>D.with</p><p>10.AsItraveled_________Chinaonthetrain,Isawbeautifullandscapes,</p><p>oldbuildings,andquaintvillages.</p><p>A.in</p><p>B.on</p><p>C.over</p><p>D.about</p><p>11.Scientistswereinterestedintheradioactivityemanating_________the</p><p>nuclearpowerplantlocatedneartheocean.</p><p>A.in</p><p>B.to</p><p>C.from</p><p>D.about</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>12.Becausethecommitteewasanxioustoattendthecelebration,the</p><p>presidentdispensed_________readingtheminutesoftheprevious</p><p>meeting.</p><p>A.with</p><p>B.from</p><p>C.of</p><p>D.for</p><p>13.Atnightthesoundofthewindintensifiestheexcitementonefeelsashe</p><p>imaginesthecriesuttered_________thevictimsoftheInquisition.</p><p>A.by</p><p>B.for</p><p>C.to</p><p>D.about</p><p>IntermediateGrammar</p><p>ESL</p><p>CHAPTER5</p><p>Conjunctions</p><p>Chapter5</p><p>CONJUNCTIONS</p><p>A word that connects words or groups of words in a sentence is a</p><p>conjunction. These connecting words can be relative, coordinating,</p><p>correlative, and subordinate conjunctions. Each has a different function and</p><p>willbestudiedmoreindetailinlaterchapters.</p><p>An easy way to remember the coordinating conjunctions is by using the</p><p>acronymFANBOYS:For,And,Nor,But,Or,Yet,So.</p><p>Thewordsand,nor, or can connect nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, or</p><p>prepositionalphrasesasaseriesofelements.Usenorinnegativesentences.</p><p>Nouns:</p><p>Therearepens,paper,andpencilsontheshelf.</p><p>Taketheredblouseorthegreenblouse.</p><p>Idon’tlikeaPorschenoraCadillac.</p><p>Verbs:</p><p>Joeplaysguitarandsingswell.</p><p>Thegroupcan’tdancenoract.</p><p>WewillswimorrideourbikesonSaturday.</p><p>Adjectives:</p><p>Paulisathletic,studious,andgenerous.</p><p>Todayisnotsunnynorwarm.</p><p>Thosesocksareblackorblue.</p><p>Adverbs:</p><p>Thescoutswalkedquietlyandcarefullythroughthewoods.</p><p>Thesequestionsareneitherneatlynorcorrectlyanswered.</p><p>Inballetjumpquicklyorelegantly,ordon’tjumpatall.</p><p>Look under the bushes and among the flowers for the</p><p>Prepositional</p><p>phrases:</p><p>hiddenEastereggs.</p><p>Youwillfindyoursocksunderthebedorinthecloset.</p><p>Don'thangthepictureoverthemantelnorabovethedoor.</p><p>These conjunctions can connect two main clauses.When they do, use a</p><p>commadirectlybeforetheconjunction.</p><p>Leiwonascholarship,andshewentawaytoschool</p><p>Idon’thaveacar,nordoIplantobuyone.</p><p>Myflightleavesatseven,soIneedtohurry.</p><p>Wehavetoleavenow,butwewillreturnsoon.</p><p>Theconjunctionforusuallymeansbecause,giving</p><p>areasonforanaction.</p><p>Ourgroupmovedinsidethepavilion,forithadstartedtorain.</p><p>Bringyourcoatsalong,for theeveningsarecoolinthatareathatwe</p><p>willbevisiting.</p><p>EXERCISE41</p><p>Circle the conjunctions and underline which parts of the sentence are</p><p>connected.Decidewhether they are connecting two complete ideas, just</p><p>twowordsofthesamepartofspeech,oracontrast.</p><p>Example:Tonyisouttoday,buthewillreturntomorrow.but—contrast</p><p>Thesunisshiningbrightly,andwearegoingtothebeach.</p><p>and—twoideas</p><p>1.Theskyisgray,anditisgoingtorain.</p><p>2.Wewanttoseethatnewmovie,butnottonight.</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>3.Rudiwantstobeadoctor,soheistakinganumberofsciencecourses</p><p>thissemester.</p><p>4.ThedoctorcanseeyouMonday,butyouhavetobeherenolaterthan</p><p>8:00a.m.</p><p>5.Idon’tknowhowtodance,nordoIintendtolearn.</p><p>6.Maritzadoesn’thaveenoughmoneyforthetrip,yetshereallywantsto</p><p>go.</p><p>7.Mysisterjustboughtsomedishesandglassesforhernewhouse.</p><p>8.Iwishyoualotofluck,forIknowyouwillneedit.</p><p>9.Thediplomatcan’tspeakRussiannorItalian.</p><p>10.Jasonorderedthepartforhiscar,butithasn’tcomein.</p><p>11.Wehaveatestinanhour,andwehavetostudyalotnow.</p><p>12.TheHowardfamilyisgoingawayfortheholidays,buttheyhavenot</p><p>madereservationsyet.</p><p>13.Theteamhasboughtuniforms,helmets,andgloves.</p><p>14.Gonowandpaylater.</p><p>15.Iwillstudychemistryoralgebrainthefall,butnotboth.</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>IntermediateGrammar</p><p>ESL</p><p>CHAPTER6</p><p>Verbs</p><p>Chapter6</p><p>VERBS</p><p>Therearefourprincipalpartsforallverbs,bothregularandirregular.They</p><p>arepresent,past,pastparticiple,andpresentparticiple.Except for theverb</p><p>be,thepresenttenseistheformfoundinthedictionary.</p><p>Inthepresenttense,theformsareallthesameexceptforthethirdperson</p><p>singular(he,she,it)towhichyouadd-s.</p><p>walks, runs, says (Iwalk,youwalk,he/she/itwalks,wewalk, they</p><p>walk)</p><p>For verbs that end in ch, o, s, sh, andx, however, add -es for the third</p><p>personform.</p><p>watches,goes,passes,wishes,waxes</p><p>Forverbsendinginconsonant+y,changeytoibeforeadding-es</p><p>copy>copiesmarry>marries</p><p>Forallregularverbsinthepasttense,add-dtoformsendinginE.</p><p>baked,liked,revered,quoted</p><p>Forallregularverbs,add-edtoformsendinginconsonants.</p><p>talked,jumped,waited,sailed</p><p>Thepastparticipleforregularverbsisthesameasthepasttense.</p><p>Marybakedacakeyesterday.(pasttense)</p><p>Mary has baked many cakes for our bake sales. (past participle—</p><p>regular)</p><p>However,forirregularverbsthereisusuallyadifferentform.</p><p>Janetwrotemanyletterstoherfriends.(past)</p><p>Janet has written many letters to her friends. (past participle—</p><p>irregular)</p><p>RegularVerbs</p><p>Past PastParticiple</p><p>walked walked</p><p>planted planted</p><p>telephoned telephoned</p><p>IrregularVerbs</p><p>Past PastParticiple</p><p>sang sung</p><p>rode ridden</p><p>went gone</p><p>Thepresentparticipleistheformendingin-ing.Rememberthatforverbs</p><p>endingineithera[vowel+y]ora[consonant+y],keeptheybeforeaddingthe-</p><p>ing.</p><p>marrying,copying,flying</p><p>surveying,annoying,portraying</p><p>EXERCISE42</p><p>Writethecorrectformoftheverbinthepresenttense.</p><p>1.thecook_____________(fry)</p><p>2.themirror_______(magnify)</p><p>3.theshoes__________(pinch)</p><p>4.myskin_____________(itch)</p><p>5.we__________________(deny)</p><p>6.Anita_________________(do)</p><p>7.theband___________(march)</p><p>8.Mr.Adams__________(teach)</p><p>9.thestudents________(hurry)</p><p>10.thebrides________(blush)</p><p>11.you________________(wash)</p><p>12.myuncle___________(fish)</p><p>13.Ana_______________(study)</p><p>14.they_________________(go)</p><p>15.theiron_________(scorch)</p><p>16.I_________________(apply)</p><p>17.thedress___________(dry)</p><p>18.theairplane________(fly)</p><p>19.thesun__________(bleach)</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>teaches</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>flies</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>fishes</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>does</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>pinches</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>wash</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>scorches</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>dries</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>marches</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>fries</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>apply</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>itches</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>studies</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>hurry</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>deny</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>go</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>bleaches</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>blush</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>magnifies</p><p>20.thebaby____________(cry)</p><p>AUXILIARYVERBS</p><p>Eachoftheseprincipalpartsusescertainauxiliary(helping)verbstoform</p><p>differenttenses.Lookatthefollowingcharttoseewhichauxiliariesaccompany</p><p>thefourdifferentformsandthetensesthattheycreateinactivevoice.</p><p>Iwritemyhomeworkeverynight.</p><p>Icanwritemyhomeworkeverynight.</p><p>Iwouldwritemyhomeworkeverynight.</p><p>Iwillwritemyhomeworkeverynight.</p><p>Imaywritemyhomeworkeverynight.</p><p>Iwrotemyhomeworkeverynight.</p><p>Imustbewritingmyhomeworkeverynight,orelseIwouldn’tbepassing.</p><p>Iwrotemyhomeworkeverynight.</p><p>Ihadwrittenmyhomeworkbeforelunch.</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>cries</p><p>Ihavewrittenmyhomeworkeverynight.</p><p>Iamwritingmyhomeworkrightnow.</p><p>Iwaswritingmyhomeworkat8:00.</p><p>USINGAUXILIARYVERBS</p><p>Auxiliariesarealwaysfollowedby thesimpleformof theverb(infinitive</p><p>withoutto):</p><p>togo tosay tosee tospeak towork</p><p>Auxiliaries cannot beused in combinationwith eachother.Whendo and</p><p>have are the principal verbs of the sentence, the auxiliaries can combinewith</p><p>them.</p><p>Timdoesnothaveacar.</p><p>Wecandothatjobin15minutes.</p><p>Themechaniccouldhavethecarbytomorrow.</p><p>Iwillhavethesepapersforyoulatertoday.</p><p>Rememberthefollowingformulasforwordorderwhenusingauxiliaries:</p><p>Do, does, can, and should combine with the simple form to express</p><p>variations in the present. The auxiliaries do and does are also necessary for</p><p>askingaquestionorforforminganegative,aswellasforemphasis.</p><p>Theydoneedhelp. Theydonotneedhelp. Dotheyneedhelp?</p><p>Icanplaytennis. Icannotplaytennis. CanIplaytennis?</p><p>Weshouldstudy. Weshouldnotstudynow. Shouldwestudy?</p><p>Rememberthatdo,does,anddidaretheauxiliaryverbsforpastandpresent</p><p>tensesofallmainverbs.</p><p>Joeplays >doesplaygolfwell.</p><p>Antonsold >didsellhishouselastyear.</p><p>Thestudentslearn >dolearntheirlessons.</p><p>Did,could,andwould(repeatedpastaction)combinetoexpressavariation</p><p>in the past.Did in the affirmative sentences emphasizes the past. Simple past</p><p>forms also express the same idea.Notice the need for the auxiliarydid in the</p><p>negativeandquestionforms.</p><p>Hedidvisit(visited)hiscousins. (foremphasis)</p><p>Didhevisithiscousins? (toaskaquestion)</p><p>Hedidnotvisithiscousins. (toexpressthenegative)</p><p>WhenIwasachild,Iwouldswimeverysummer.</p><p>WouldIswimeverysummer?</p><p>Iwouldnotswimeverysummer.</p><p>Beforehiskneeinjuryin1988,Harrycouldrunveryfast.</p><p>CouldHarryrunveryfast?</p><p>Harrycouldnotrunfast.</p><p>Could,would,andmightcanexpressuncertaintybasedonaconditionfora</p><p>later time.Theconditionexpressed,however, representssomethingcontrary to</p><p>factthatwillprobablynotchangeandnotmaterializelater.Rememberthatthese</p><p>auxiliariescomefromthreedifferentverbs,andthemeaningforeachisslightly</p><p>different.</p><p>Ifwehadthemoney(wedon’t),wewouldbuyanewcar.</p><p>Icouldstopbytomorrowifyoureceivedthedocument.(Youprobably</p><p>won’treceiveit.)</p><p>Shemightbeabletocome,butitdoesn’tlookasifshe’llgettheplane</p><p>ticketsontime.</p><p>May,will,andshallareusedasauxiliariestoindicatefuturetime.InBritish</p><p>English, shall is used for I andwe forms,while inAmerican English,will is</p><p>acceptableforallforms.</p><p>ShemaygotoNewYorkwithusnextweek.</p><p>Iwill (shall forBritishEnglish) lookforanewapartmentbefore the</p><p>endofthemonth.</p><p>EXERCISE43</p><p>Underlinetheauxiliaryand/ormainverb.</p><p>1.TheJoneseshavejustboughtanewcar.</p><p>2.Whendidyou</p><p>sendthatpackagetoyoursister?</p><p>3.WhenisTomleavingforCalifornia?</p><p>4.Canyougivemechangeforthistwenty-dollarbill?</p><p>5.Willthesesuppliesbeenoughforyourcampingtrip?</p><p>6.Howoftendoyoufillyourgastank?</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>7.Theartistpaintedaportraitofhismother.</p><p>8.Nothingseemstomattertothemanymore.</p><p>9.Thepresidenthadspokentothecommitteebeforemakinghisdecision.</p><p>10.Thechildrenwereplayingwiththeirtoysallafternoon.</p><p>EXERCISE44</p><p>Changethestatementstoquestions.</p><p>1.Wecanseethemovietomorrownight.</p><p>2.Nancyhasanappointmentfortwoo’clocktoday.</p><p>3.Thelandlordmightraisetherentagain.</p><p>4.HewouldliketovisittheUnitedNations.</p><p>5.Susanwillbeoutoftownforthreeweeks.</p><p>6.Thestudentsshouldstudyallthenewvocabulary.</p><p>7.IhadajobinBoston.</p><p>8.Enricoboughthisnewcomputerlastweek.</p><p>9.Tarapaintsverywell.</p><p>10.Thecarpentersknowhowtobuildthehouse.</p><p>EXERCISE45</p><p>Oscar is a little confused.He has some incorrect information.Help him</p><p>changetheaffirmativestatementstonegativeonesandprovidethecorrect</p><p>information.</p><p>1.Tomatoesgrowontrees.</p><p>2.Thesunshinesatnight.</p><p>3.Roosterscanlayeggs.</p><p>4.Alligatorslivedinthedesertlongago.</p><p>5.Myrosescouldgrowwithoutwater.</p><p>6.TheFrenchinventedtheconceptofzero.</p><p>7.(Peterhasproblemswithmath.)Heshouldstudystatistics.</p><p>8.Mostluxurycarsgetgoodgasmileage.</p><p>9.Boliviahasalargeport.</p><p>10.Lionshavefeathers.</p><p>EXERCISE46</p><p>Changethesentencesfromthepresenttothefuture.</p><p>1.Grassgrowsfasterinthesummer.</p><p>2.Theyservesupperatseveno’clock.</p><p>3.Theplanearriveslate.</p><p>4.Nobodysleepsafternoon.</p><p>5.TheplaybeginsonSaturday.</p><p>6.Itissunnythisafternoon.</p><p>7.TheWaltonsliveonamountain.</p><p>8.Nothinginterestinghappensaroundhere.</p><p>9.Poinsettiasdon’tbloominthesummer.</p><p>10.Thefinalexamscountsfor25percentofyourgrade.</p><p>EXERCISE47:WRITING</p><p>Answer the questions, using the correct form of the verb. Write a</p><p>contrastingideaforthenegative.</p><p>1.WhattimedoesyourEnglishclassbegin?</p><p>It________________________________</p><p>_________________not_____________</p><p>2.Whoeatspeanutbuttersandwiches?</p><p>___________________________________</p><p>_________________not_____________</p><p>3.HowlongdoesSarahsleepeveryday?</p><p>She______________________________</p><p>_________________not_____________</p><p>4.Whorunsawayfromthecat?</p><p>___________________________________</p><p>_________________not_____________</p><p>5.DoesBadrdrivetotheuniversityeveryday?</p><p>Yes,________________________________</p><p>No,______________________________</p><p>6.DoesCynthiawalkwiththechildreneveryafternoon?</p><p>Yes,________________________________</p><p>No,______________________________</p><p>7.WhosingsSpanishsongs?</p><p>___________________________________</p><p>_________________not_____________</p><p>8.WhendoesMajadance?</p><p>She______________________________</p><p>_________________not_____________</p><p>9.Whotalksonthetelephonewiththesalesdepartment?</p><p>___________________________________</p><p>_________________not_____________</p><p>10.WhichnewspaperdoesAliaread?</p><p>She_______________________________</p><p>_________________not_____________</p><p>11.DoesCorazonwriteletterstoherfamilyeveryweek?</p><p>Yes,_____________________________</p><p>No,______________________________</p><p>12.Doesthisrestaurantservegoodfood?</p><p>Yes,_______________________________</p><p>No,______________________________</p><p>PASTTENSE</p><p>Anytimebeforenowisconsideredpasttense.Theverbtenseindicatesonly</p><p>thattheactiontookplaceearlier,withnoreferencetootheractions.Whiletimes</p><p>maybeexpressed,theyarenotinrelationtoothertimes.Regularverbsformthe</p><p>pasttensebyadding-dtotheverbsthatendine.</p><p>bake>baked tease>teased raise>raised</p><p>provide>providedreserve>reservedrule>ruled</p><p>Forregularverbsendinginaconsonant,add-edtothepresenttense.</p><p>look>looked fail>failed wait>waited</p><p>Most one-syllable verbs containing one vowel and ending in a single</p><p>consonant,doublethefinalconsonantbeforeadding-ed.</p><p>stop>stopped dot>dotted slam>slammed</p><p>Donotdoublethelettersxandw.</p><p>wax>waxed mow>mowed</p><p>Whena two-syllableverbends ina singleconsonantafter a singlevowel</p><p>andthesecondsyllableisstressed,doublethefinalconsonantalso.</p><p>Noticethatthestressisonthesecondsyllableforeachoftheabove.Now</p><p>lookwhathappensifthestressfallsonthefirstsyllable.</p><p>Forwordsendinginconsonant+y,changetheytoibeforeaddinged.</p><p>hurry>hurried copy>copied fry>fried</p><p>**Remembertousedidastheauxiliaryforquestionsandnegatives.</p><p>Didyoufindthenewspaper?</p><p>No,Ididnotfindthenewspaper.</p><p>Unfortunately,therearemanyverbsinthepasttensethatdonotfollowthis</p><p>rule.SeeAppendixEforalistwillhelpyoutolearnsomeofthem.</p><p>EXERCISE48</p><p>Circlethecorrectformoftheverbinparentheses.</p><p>1.Becausewehad(forgot,forgotten)towindtheclockbeforegoingtobed,</p><p>wearrivedlateforwork.</p><p>2.Havethehikersalready(gone,went)tothemountains?</p><p>3.Ourdog(digged,dug)aholeinthebackyard.</p><p>4.Mycousin(brang,brought)herguitartotheparty,andwe(sang,sung)</p><p>manyofourfavoritesongs.</p><p>5.Ourneighbors(selled,sold)theirhouselastmonth.</p><p>6.Becausethelaborersweresotired,they(sleeped,slept)anextrahourthis</p><p>morning.</p><p>7.Afterplayingtennisfortwohours,theplayers(drank,drunk)twoglasses</p><p>ofjuice.</p><p>8.Theairplane(flew,flied)highoverthemountainpeaks.</p><p>9.Afterthehurricanehadhitthearea,manybeautifultrees(fell,fallen)to</p><p>theground.</p><p>10.Anintensecoldwave(freezed,froze)thewaterpipes,causingthemto</p><p>burst.</p><p>11.Wehad(ate,eaten)somuchthatwecouldnotrideourbicycleshome.</p><p>12.Ourlunchfellofftheboat,andIwatcheditasit(sunk,sank)slowlyinto</p><p>thesea.</p><p>13.Nooneintheaudience(understand,understood)thespeaker’smessage.</p><p>14.They(telled,told)uswhattheyhadplannedtodoinWashington.</p><p>15.Lastnightwe(seen,saw)agreatmovie.</p><p>16.Thewhistle(blew,blown)loudlyasthetrainapproachedthestation.</p><p>EXERCISE49</p><p>Write the correct form of the verbs, using the past tense or the past</p><p>participle.</p><p>GarageSaling—AWayofLife</p><p>LastweektwoofmyfriendsandI(1)were(be)returningfromthe</p><p>shoppingmallwhenwe(2)saw(see)some“garagesale”signs.It(3)</p><p>________(seem)oddthatsomeonewouldwanttosellagarage,butinthe</p><p>interestofculture,we(4)________(decide)tofindoutwhatitwas.Aswe</p><p>(5)________(approach)thehouse,we(6)________(see)abouttenpeople</p><p>leavingwitharmfulsofthingsthattheyhadjust(7)________(buy).We(8)</p><p>________(park)thecarand(9)________(walk)backtothegarage,where</p><p>twoladies(10)________(be)sittingandchattingaway.We(11)________</p><p>(look)aroundandsawsomelovelythingsbutcouldnotbelievetheprices,</p><p>sowe(12)________(ask)theladiesaboutthem.We(13)________(want)</p><p>toknowwhythepricesweresolow,andthey(14)________(say)thatthey</p><p>werecleaninghouseand(15)________(want)toeliminatemanyofthe</p><p>thingstheycouldnotuseanymore.</p><p>Weexcitedly(16)________(pick)throughclothes,books,CDs,</p><p>kitchenequipment,bedding,andlamps.Werecently(17)__(move)into</p><p>dormsoncampus,andwedidnothaveverymuchinourrooms.We(18)</p><p>________(select)our“treasures”and(19)________(can)notbelievethat</p><p>wewereabletofillashoppingbagforunder$10!Weaskedtheladies</p><p>abouthowoftenpeoplehadthesesalesandhowwecouldfindoutwhere</p><p>theywere.They(20)________(tell)usthatintheniceweather,peoplehad</p><p>themonThursdays,Fridays,andSaturdays,andthey(21)________</p><p>(advertise)inthenewspaperor(22)________(put)uptheirsignsonthe</p><p>mainroad.</p><p>We(23)________(make)planstogooutagainthefollowing</p><p>weekto</p><p>huntformorebargains.WhatagreatideatheseAmericanshavefor</p><p>recyclingtheiroldthings!</p><p>AGO</p><p>Onetimeexpressionthatindicatesacompletedpastactionisthewordago.</p><p>Itissometimesintroducedbythefollowingexpressions:</p><p>howlongago</p><p>howmanydaysago</p><p>howmanyweeks(months,years)ago</p><p>whendid</p><p>The time that has elapsed is a duration and usually accompanies an</p><p>expressionintheplural,asinthefollowing:</p><p>threeweeksago</p><p>fiveminutesago</p><p>ninehoursago</p><p>fourmonthsago</p><p>hundredsofyearsago</p><p>acenturyago</p><p>Whendidyoubuythatbicycle?</p><p>Iboughtitthreeweeksago.</p><p>HowmanyyearsagodidFernandotraveltoAfrica?</p><p>HetraveledtoAfricaeightyearsago.</p><p>HowlongagodidHenrywritehisbook?</p><p>Henrywrotehisbooksixmonthsago.</p><p>Neveruseagowhenyou are trying to relate something in thepast to the</p><p>present. Never use a specific year, day, or date, because it will not show a</p><p>durationoftime.</p><p>INCORRECT:WehadatestagoonMonday.</p><p>CORRECT: Wehadatestfourdaysago.</p><p>EXERCISE50</p><p>Answerthequestions,usingagoandthetimeexpressionsindicated.</p><p>1.Howlongagodidyoupaintthehouse?(twoweeks)Ipaintedittwo</p><p>weeksago.</p><p>2.WhendidyoubegintostudyEnglish?(threesemesters)</p><p>3.Didtheplanearrivetenminutesago?Yes,_______</p><p>4.Howmanydaysagodidwestudythepasttense?(fivedays)</p><p>5.WhendidJanicebeginworkingfortheelectriccompany?(eightyears)</p><p>6.Didyoufinishyourhomeworktwohoursago?No,_______</p><p>7.Whendidtheycatchthebus?(onehour)</p><p>8.HowlongagodidCarolmovehere?(sevenmonths)</p><p>9.Whendidthisclassbegin?(20minutes)</p><p>10.HowlongagodidyoumeetMrs.Nelson?(sixweeks)</p><p>11.WhendidWaldemarstarthisweight-liftingprogram?(fourmonths)</p><p>12.WhendidNinaandBengetmarried?(10years)</p><p>13.Didyoubuyanewcarsixdaysago?No,we_______</p><p>14.WhendidSandyandJoansendtheweddinginvitations?(onemonth)</p><p>15.Howmanyyearsagodidthenewmuseumopen?(fouryears)</p><p>PROGRESSIVETENSES</p><p>Any form of the verb be, past, present, or future, when used with the</p><p>presentparticiple, indicates theprogressive tense—that is, it showsanaction</p><p>inprogressatagiventime,andthesubjectisperformingthataction.</p><p>Present:Usethepresenttenseoftheverbbeforanactiontakingplacenow.</p><p>S+ +(verb+ing)</p><p>Thesearewordsthatindicateanactionistakingplacenow:</p><p>now</p><p>rightnow</p><p>atthismoment</p><p>presently</p><p>today</p><p>Thissemester(giventime)JessisstudyingEnglishliterature.</p><p>Rightnowthescoutsarehuntingfortheirsupper.</p><p>Past: Usethepasttenseoftheverbbeforanactioninprogressatatimeinthepast.</p><p>S+ +(verb+ing)</p><p>Thesearewordsthatindicateanactiontookplaceinthepast:</p><p>atthatmoment</p><p>while</p><p>as</p><p>lastsemester/month/year</p><p>WhileIwaswatchingtelevision,mysonwasreadingabook.</p><p>AsSarahwasdrinkinghercoffeethismorning(giventime),</p><p>thefloristdeliveredadozenyellowroses.</p><p>Future:</p><p>Thefutureprogressivelooksatanactionthatwillbetakingplaceat</p><p>somedefinitetimelaterthannowandusesthefuturetenseoftheverb</p><p>be.</p><p>S+willbe+(verb+ing)</p><p>Thesearewordsthatindicateanactionthatwilltakeplaceinthefuture:</p><p>tomorrow</p><p>nextweek/month/year</p><p>later</p><p>after</p><p>By the end of the year (given time), youwill bewriting longer and</p><p>betteressays.</p><p>WewillbetravelinginSpainnextsummer.</p><p>Theadverbstill indicates that theactioncontinues frompast toanyother</p><p>giventime.</p><p>Present:MyfriendAndréisstilldatingthesamegirlafteralltheseyears.</p><p>Past:WhenwesawPeterlastyear,hewasstilldoingportraitphotography.</p><p>Future: Anita is so in love with her work that she will still be practicing</p><p>medicinewhensheis80yearsold.</p><p>Noticetheplacementoftheadverbineachofthesentencesabove.</p><p>EXERCISE51</p><p>Usingthetimeexpressionsasaclue,writetheappropriateprogressivesfor</p><p>eachsentence.</p><p>1.At4:00thismorning,I________(dream)aboutsomethingterriblewhen</p><p>Isuddenlyawoke.</p><p>2.Ourgroup________(meet)againnextmonthtoplanthefallfestival.</p><p>3.Nooneweknow________(act)inthisplayonBroadwayrightnow.</p><p>4.Atthismoment,JodyandBob________(take)theirscienceexam.</p><p>5.Rightnow,Trudy________(write)amemoabouttomorrow’smeeting.</p><p>6.Who________(run)acrossthestreetwhenyouleftherethismorning?</p><p>7.It________(rain)veryhardwhenwearrivedattheconcertlastnight.</p><p>8.We________(visit)theGrandCanyononourvacationnextsummer.</p><p>9.Nancy________(marry)hercollegesweetheartthisafternoon.</p><p>10.Theboss________(prepare)thenewbudgetwhenIenteredheroffice.</p><p>11.Jim________(sail)toTahitiatthistimetomorrow.</p><p>12.Robert________(try)tostartthelawnmowerwhenitstartedtorain.</p><p>13.Monica________(drive)toPhiladelphiatoattendaconferencenext</p><p>Friday.</p><p>14.Ourdirector________(eat)hislunchnowandcannotbedisturbed.</p><p>15.Howmanystudents________(graduate)innextSaturday’sceremony?</p><p>16.Howmanypaychecks________we________(get)nextyear?</p><p>17.Sue________(program)allthecomputersinthelablaterthisafternoon.</p><p>18.Withallthisheavyrain,thegrass________(grow)higherandhigher.</p><p>19.Tom________(copy)somematerialswhenIpassedbyhisoffice.</p><p>20.Phil________(photograph)manyinterestingsitesduringhisvacationnext</p><p>month.</p><p>PRESENTANDPRESENTPROGRESSIVE</p><p>Present tenseusuallyreferstohabitualactionsthatstartedinthepastand</p><p>are still repeated now. Unlike the present progressive, these actions are not</p><p>takingplaceatthismoment.Noticethedifferenceinthesetwosentences.</p><p>Mrs.Dawsonparkshercarinthesamespotunderthetreeeveryday.</p><p>(Thisisapracticeshestartedinthepastandrepeatseveryday.)</p><p>Mrs. Dawson is parking her car under the tree. (This action is in</p><p>progressatthismoment.)</p><p>Usesimplepresentfor:</p><p>•repeatedorhabitualactions</p><p>•generaltruthstatements</p><p>•allverbsthatshowmentalaction</p><p>•verbsthatpertaintothesenses</p><p>Usepresentprogressivefor:</p><p>•actioninprogressnow</p><p>•be+going+infinitivetoshowfutureaction</p><p>•toindicatefutureaction</p><p>Lookatthedifferencesinthesesentences.</p><p>Habitual:Paulalwayswriteshispoemsinaspecialbook.</p><p>Inprogress:Pauliswritingabookofpoemsnow.</p><p>Generaltruth:Thesunshineseverydayinthesummer.</p><p>Inprogress:Thesunisshiningrightnow.</p><p>Mentalaction:Ineedanewtireforthecar.</p><p>Mentalaction:Wehatesnowandcoldinthewinter.</p><p>Appealstosenses:Thecooktastesthefoodasshepreparesit.</p><p>Future:Myfriendsaregoingtoswiminthepooltomorrow.</p><p>Inprogress:Theyareswimmingrightnow.</p><p>Future: All my friendswill be singing in the festival tomorrow.Wewill be</p><p>takingatestnextMonday.</p><p>Certain verbs that refer tomental action or that pertain to the senses are</p><p>usuallyinthesimplepresentandarenotnormallyusedintheprogressiveform</p><p>asinthefollowinglists:</p><p>MentalAction</p><p>be</p><p>believe mean</p><p>belong need</p><p>desire prefer</p><p>hate suppose</p><p>imagine understand</p><p>know want</p><p>like wish</p><p>PertaintotheSenses</p><p>love</p><p>hear</p><p>know</p><p>see</p><p>smell</p><p>sound</p><p>taste</p><p>Thescientistbelieveshistheoryiscorrect. NOT Thescientistisbelieving</p><p>Wehategoingtothedentist. NOT Wearehatinggoing</p><p>Iunderstandhowtosolvethatproblemnow.</p><p>Ihearthatyouhaveanewjob.</p><p>Thesouptasteswonderful.</p><p>Foreachofthesesentences,thesimpleformoftheverb(he,she,itforms</p><p>add-sor-es)isused.</p><p>Someexamplesofwordsorexpressions that showhabitualactionare the</p><p>following:</p><p>Lingusuallyrideshisbiketoschool. Victorstopsinmyofficetochatevery</p><p>day.</p><p>MyparentsoftenvisitonSunday</p><p>afternoons. WeeatpizzaonWednesdays.</p><p>Noticetheplacementofthetimephrases.</p><p>Forthepresentprogressive,usethefollowing:</p><p>subject+ [v+ING]</p><p>Remember that the followingkeywords indicate that the action is taking</p><p>place(inprogress):</p><p>Thestudentsaretakingtheirexamsatthismoment.</p><p>Iampresentlylivinginasmallapartment.</p><p>Bettyiswaitingformeinthecarnow.</p><p>EXERCISE52</p><p>Fillinthecorrectformoftheverbinthepresentorthepresentprogressive.</p><p>EventhoughI(1) am alongwayfrommyfamily,Ioften</p><p>(2)________(think)aboutthem.AsI(3)________(walk)toclass,I(4)</p><p>________(wonder)ifthey(5)________(do)somethingspecialatthis</p><p>moment.I(6)________(imagine)thatmysister(7)________(dance)in</p><p>herballetclasswhilemybrothers(8)________(play)baseballinthepark.</p><p>Mother(9)________(write)haikuinthegarden,andmyfather(10)</p><p>________(meet)withsomeimportantbusinessmen.Everydaymyfriends</p><p>(11)________(go)toclass,andthenthey(12)________(sit)and(13)</p><p>________(study)neartheuniversity.OnSaturdaysthey(14)___________</p><p>(swim)inthepooland(15)________(plan)specialactivitiesforSunday.I</p><p>(16)________(know)thatallofthem(17)________(have)fun,andthey</p><p>(18)________(do)whattheyalways(19)________(like)best.Nowitis</p><p>lateandI(20)________(need)tohurrytomyclassandthinkaboutmy</p><p>studies.</p><p>EXERCISE53</p><p>Circlethecorrectformoftheverb.</p><p>1.Whiletheteacherisexplainingthelesson,thestudents(take,aretaking)</p><p>notes.</p><p>2.EverydayPeter(calls,iscalling)hisgirlfriend.</p><p>3.Nobody(knows,isknowing)theanswertothatquestion.</p><p>4.Thenumberofhousesforsale(grows,isgrowing)moreandmoreevery</p><p>day.</p><p>5.NeitherMrs.Jensennorhersons(play,areplaying)tenniseveryday.</p><p>6.OnSaturdaysMr.Dalton(buys,isbuying)hisgroceries.</p><p>7.Aboyandtwogirls(use,areusing)thecomputersatthismoment.</p><p>8.Thestudentsandfaculty(park,areparking)inthenewloteveryday.</p><p>9.TheLopezfamily(prepares,ispreparing)dinnernow.</p><p>10.Andrew(packs,ispacking)thesuitcasesrightnow.</p><p>11.Harry(studies,isstudying)allnightfortheexamtomorrow.</p><p>12.Ourfriends(go,aregoing)tothebeacheverySunday.</p><p>13.Tony(eats,iseating)supperathomeatthismoment.</p><p>14.Ourprofessor(talks,istalking)aboutthespaceprogramtoday.</p><p>15.Hugo(works,isworking)tenhourseveryMonday.</p><p>16.Thebadweather(forces,isforcing)ustostayhometoday.</p><p>17.Therabbit(hops,ishopping)aroundtheyardrightnow.</p><p>18.Thechemistalways(mixes,ismixing)thechemicalscarefully.</p><p>19.Annealways(tries,istrying)tofinishherprojectsontime.</p><p>20.We(wait,arewaiting)nowforthelettertoarrive.</p><p>INFINITIVES</p><p>Thebasic formof all verbs is the infinitive, the simple formof the verb</p><p>plusto. Inasentence, the infinitiveconsistsof twoparts: to+verb.This form</p><p>doesnotindicatewhois/wasperformingtheaction,nordoesitshowwhen that</p><p>actiontookplace.Itisnotaconjugatedverb.Examplesoftheinfinitive:</p><p>Even though the infinitive is not a conjugated form, there are ways of</p><p>expressingitindifferenttenses,dependingonthemainverbofthesentence.</p><p>subject+verb+infinitive+complement</p><p>IwanttovisitTahitisomeday.</p><p>Marioplanstosingattheconcert.</p><p>Someverbsthattaketheinfinitivearethefollowing:</p><p>Present:WewanttoseeClintEastwood’snewmovietoday.</p><p>Presentprogressive:Iamhopingtogetticketsfortheballet.</p><p>Future:Allenwilltrytomeetwiththepresidenttomorrow.</p><p>Pastprogressive:Sandywaswillingtonegotiate,butthecompanyrefused.</p><p>If you want to express a negative with the infinitive, be sure to usenot</p><p>beforetheinfinitive.</p><p>NOT+TO+verb</p><p>Iprefernottopaymoretaxesthisyear.</p><p>Wedecidednottotakeavacationlastsummer.</p><p>Theywilltrynottodrivemorethan400milesaday.</p><p>LINKINGVERBS</p><p>Verbsinthisspecialcategorylinkorjointhesubjectwithitscomplement.</p><p>Thesubjectneverperformstheaction,andtheverbnevertakesadirectobject.</p><p>Adjectives,notadverbs,followtheseverbs.Thefollowingverbsbelongtothis</p><p>specialgroup.</p><p>*Alsocanbeatransitiveverb.</p><p>Keepinmindthattheverbsbe,become,andremaincanalsobefollowed</p><p>bynounphrases.Comparethisnounphrasewiththeadjective.</p><p>Johnispresidentofthesophomoreclass.(nounphrase)</p><p>Tonywasexcitedaboutwinningtheprize.(adjective)</p><p>ChristaMacAuliffebecameoneofthefirstwomeninspace.(nounphrase)</p><p>Teddybecametiredafterplayingseverallongtennismatches.(adjective)</p><p>Mr.Frazerwillremainsenatoruntiltheendofthisterm.(noun)</p><p>The studentsremained seated while the school president distributed the</p><p>diplomas.(adjective)</p><p>Theverbsinthelistabovethatareindicatedbyanasterisk(*)canalsobe</p><p>transitiveverbs(thesubjectdoesperformtheactionandthereisadirectobject).</p><p>When they are transitive, they can also be followed by an adverb, not an</p><p>adjective.Lookatthefollowingsentencestodistinguishtheiruseastransitiveor</p><p>intransitiveverbs.Noticehow the subjectperforms theaction in the sentences</p><p>thatcontainadverbsanddirectobjects.</p><p>Youwill feel the effects of themedicine in a shortwhile. (takes a direct</p><p>object)</p><p>Jasonfeltuncomfortableinhisthree-piecesuit.(adjective)</p><p>Thehikerscautiouslyfelttheirwayalongthedarkmountaintrail.(adverb)</p><p>Nancygrew a variety of vegetables in her garden this summer. (takes a</p><p>directobject)</p><p>Theweathergrewcoldasthefrontpassedoverthearea.(adj.)</p><p>Marcellalooksveryattractivewithhernewhairdo.(adj.)</p><p>Thelittleboylookedcarefullybeforecrossingthestreet.(adv.)</p><p>Thefoodinthekitchensmellsgood.(adj.)</p><p>Thecustomerinsistedonsmellingthecolognebeforepurchasingit.(takes</p><p>adirectobject)</p><p>Yourplansoundsexcellent.(adj.)</p><p>Timsoundedthealarmwhenthefirebrokeout.(takesadirectobject)</p><p>Thehotchocolatetastedgoodonsuchacoldnight.(adj.)</p><p>The cook tasted the sauce before pouring it on the vegetables. (takes a</p><p>directobject)</p><p>Themotherhurriedlytastedthefoodtobesurethatitwouldnotburnthe</p><p>baby’stongue.(adv.)</p><p>Theweatherturnedhotandmuggy.(adj.)</p><p>Wehadtoturnthekeybeforeopeningthedoor.(takesadirectobject)</p><p>JillgotanAonherlasttest.(takesadirectobject)</p><p>Wegottiredofwaitingforthebusanddecidedtowalk.(adj.)</p><p>Thedistrictattorneyprovedhispointbydisplayingtheevidence.(takesa</p><p>directobject)</p><p>Theexperimentcouldprovefatalifyoudon’ttaketheproperprecautions.</p><p>(adj.)</p><p>Keep inmind thatwhenyouaremodifyinganadjective,youneed touse</p><p>the adverb form. In the following sentences, although you have one of the</p><p>linkingverbs,youarereallymodifyingtheadjective,nottheverb.</p><p>Wefeltunusuallystrongaftertakingthemedicine.</p><p>adv. adj.</p><p>Despitehermanyproblems,Nellseemedunbelievablyhappy.</p><p>adv. adj.</p><p>USINGADJECTIVESWITHLINKINGVERBS</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>Whentheabove-mentionedlinkingverbsareintransitive,thentheadjective</p><p>form,nottheadverbform,followstheverb.Thereisnoactioninvolved,andthe</p><p>adjectivemodifiesthesubject,nottheverb.</p><p>EXERCISE54</p><p>Underlineeithertheadjectiveortheadverbinparenthesestocompletethe</p><p>meaning.</p><p>1.Thelionroared(ferocious,ferociously)inhissmallcage.</p><p>2.Napoleonkepthishand(firm,firmly)placedinsidehiscoat.</p><p>3.Iceskatingseemed(easy,easily)totheexperiencedskater.</p><p>4.Mygrandmother’sgardensmelled(fragrant,fragrantly)asthespring</p><p>budsopened.</p><p>5.PresidentBothabecame(angry,angrily)whenthevotersdemandedthat</p><p>hefollowtheirwishes.</p><p>6.Theprogramwas(exclusive,exclusively)designedforinternational</p><p>tradegroups.</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>7.Theoldcook’schilitasted(delicious,deliciously)</p><p>asweateit.</p><p>8.Kevinremained(depressed,depressedly)throughouttheentiremovie.</p><p>9.Thelawyeris(hurried,hurriedly)lookingforhisnotesonusurylaw.</p><p>10.Thefatmouse(zealous,zealously)chewedonhischeddarcheese.</p><p>11.Tarzan(courageous,courageously)foughtmanywildanimalsinthe</p><p>jungle.</p><p>12.Thenewsofabetterjob(quick,quickly)liftedmyspirits.</p><p>13.ThestrongwindsinAlbanyappeared(unbelievable,unbelievably)long</p><p>lasting.</p><p>14.Althoughthedogwastiedup,hethrashedabout(mad,madly).</p><p>15.Adriane’scarlooked(good,well)aftershebroughtitbackfromherlong</p><p>trip.</p><p>16.Beethoven’smusicsounds(wonderful,wonderfully)whencompared</p><p>withtoday’s.</p><p>17.Theaccidentvictimfelt(surprising,surprisingly)goodforsomeonein</p><p>hiscondition.</p><p>18.Theyoungpolicemanwatched(careful,carefully)ashetriedtofollow</p><p>therobber.</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>19.Thejuryappeared(unwilling,unwillingly)todeliveritslong-awaited</p><p>verdict.</p><p>20.Therosepetalsfelt(smooth,smoothly)asItouchedthem.</p><p>EXERCISE55</p><p>Circleeithertheadjectiveortheadverbinparentheses.</p><p>1.Melaniewas(grateful,gratefully)toherfriendforhavingrescuedher.</p><p>2.Thecontestjudgefelt(tired,tiredly)afterwatching25dancersperform.</p><p>3.Noonecouldspeak(quiet,quietly)duetotheloudnoise.</p><p>4.Sandrasounded(excited,excitedly)whenIspokewithheronthe</p><p>telephone.</p><p>5.Themilkintheglasssmelled(sour,sourly).</p><p>6.Ninalooked(beautiful,beautifully)inherweddinggown.</p><p>7.Thepresidentappeared(uncertain,uncertainly)duringhispresentation.</p><p>8.Thetablefelt(durable,durably)despiteitsage.</p><p>9.Thesoldiersmarched(silent,silently)inmemoryoftheirdeadcomrades.</p><p>10.Carmenbecame(rich,richly)afterwinningthelottery.</p><p>11.Thesalesmanseemed(honest,honestly)whenhespoketous.</p><p>12.Julieremained(discreet,discreetly)despiteherresentment.</p><p>13.Thedarkcloudsintheskyappeared(threatening,threateningly).</p><p>14.Theprisonerbecame(violent,violently)whenhewasrecaptured.</p><p>15.Joedrovehiscar(reckless,recklessly)throughthedangerous</p><p>intersection.</p><p>16.Theweatherturned(cold,coldly)afterthestorm.</p><p>17.Hollyansweredallthequestions(correct,correctly).</p><p>18.Therunnerfelt(good,well)afterhehadfinishedtherace.</p><p>19.Thepolicemanremained(firm,firmly)whilehewaswritingtheticket.</p><p>20.Weallgotintothecar(quick,quickly)asitstartedtorain.</p><p>DOANDMAKE</p><p>Theverbsdoandmakecausemanyproblems,becausebothmeanbasically</p><p>the same thing.However,most of the expressions containing thesewords are</p><p>idiomatic,andyoumustlearnthemassuch.Whenindoubtastowhichtouse,</p><p>consultanunabridged(largeandcomplete)dictionaryunderdoormaketoseeif</p><p>you can find the expression you want. On the following page is a list of</p><p>idiomatic expressions that use do and make. If you do not understand the</p><p>meaningofanexpression,lookitupinthedictionary.</p><p>Do Make</p><p>doafavor makeadifference</p><p>dojustice makesomethingdo</p><p>dohomage makepeace</p><p>haveone’shairdone maketrouble</p><p>dothedishes makenoise</p><p>doone’shair makeabargain</p><p>do...milesperhour makeroom</p><p>doone’sbest makeplans</p><p>thatwilldo makeadeal</p><p>dotheright(wrongthing) makeatrip</p><p>dothecooking makebelieve</p><p>doawaywith makeover</p><p>doover makecertain</p><p>dowithout makeagoodimpression</p><p>dohousework makefunof</p><p>dohomework makeabed</p><p>dothelaundry makeprogress</p><p>havetodowith makeone’sliving</p><p>doagoodjob makefriends</p><p>doityourself makeamistake</p><p>makeaspeech</p><p>makeastop</p><p>makeout</p><p>makeupone’smind</p><p>makemoney</p><p>makearrangements</p><p>EXERCISE56</p><p>Matchtheexpressionattheleftwiththedefinitionattheright.Writeyour</p><p>answerinthespaceprovided.Oneletterisrepeated.</p><p>1.</p><p>_____</p><p>doafavor A. eliminate</p><p>2.</p><p>_____</p><p>dojustice B. repeat</p><p>3.</p><p>_____</p><p>dohomage C. cleanupaftereating</p><p>4.</p><p>_____</p><p>haveone’shair</p><p>done</p><p>D. travelataspecificspeed</p><p>5.</p><p>_____</p><p>dothedishes E. gotothebeautyshop</p><p>6.</p><p>_____</p><p>doone’shair F. treatfairly;befavorable</p><p>7.</p><p>_____</p><p>do...milesper</p><p>hour</p><p>G. washandsetyourownhair</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>8.</p><p>_____</p><p>thatwilldo H.</p><p>makeasacrifice;getalongnothaving</p><p>anythingtodo</p><p>9.</p><p>_____</p><p>dotherightthing I. preparefood</p><p>10._____ dothecooking J. that’senough;somethingservesthepurpose</p><p>11._____ doawaywith K. begoodorjust</p><p>12._____ doover L. performdomesticchores</p><p>13._____ dowithout M. praisesomeone</p><p>14._____ dohousework N. helpsomeone</p><p>EXERCISE57</p><p>Match the expression on the left with the definition on the right. Each</p><p>answercanbeusedonlyonce.</p><p>1._____ makeadifference A. ridicule</p><p>2._____ makesomethingdo B. alter;transform</p><p>3._____ makepeace C. plan;putthingsinorder</p><p>4._____ maketrouble D. journey;travel</p><p>5._____ makenoise E. declareatruce</p><p>6._____ makeadeal F. produceafavorableeffect</p><p>7._____ makeroom G. createunpleasantsounds</p><p>8._____ makeplansforatrip H. pretend</p><p>9._____ makearrangements I. createproblems</p><p>10._____ makebelieve J. tomatter;influence</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>11._____ makeover K. provideextraspace</p><p>12._____ makecertain L. agreeaboutsomething</p><p>13._____ makeagoodimpression M. eliminateadoubt</p><p>14._____ makefunof N. manage</p><p>EXERCISE58</p><p>Match the expression at the left with the definition at the right. Each</p><p>answercanbeusedonlyonce.</p><p>1.</p><p>_____</p><p>dohomework A. relatedto</p><p>2.</p><p>_____</p><p>dothelaundry B. performataskwell</p><p>3.</p><p>_____</p><p>havetodowith C. notallowsomeoneelsetodothejob</p><p>4.</p><p>_____</p><p>doagoodjob D. washclothes</p><p>5.</p><p>_____</p><p>doityourself E. makeamistake;breakthelaw</p><p>6.</p><p>_____</p><p>dothewrongthing F. completeassignments</p><p>7.</p><p>_____</p><p>makeabed G.</p><p>straightensheetandpillowswhereone</p><p>sleeps</p><p>8.</p><p>_____</p><p>makeprogress H. work</p><p>9.</p><p>_____</p><p>makeone’sliving I. understand;decipher</p><p>10._____ makefriends J. becomeacquaintedwith</p><p>11._____ makeamistake K. commitanerror</p><p>12._____ makeaspeech L. moveforward</p><p>13._____ makeastop M. tobecomerich</p><p>14._____ makeout N. tointerruptajourney</p><p>15._____</p><p>makeupone’s</p><p>mind</p><p>O. addressanaudience</p><p>16._____</p><p>makealotof</p><p>money</p><p>P. decideonacourseofaction</p><p>EXERCISE59</p><p>Supply thecorrect formofdoormake ineachof thesesentences.Make</p><p>suretousethecorrecttense.</p><p>Let’sMakePlansfortheWeekend</p><p>TONI: Beth,whatareyouplanningto(1) do thisweekend?</p><p>BETH:</p><p>Ihaven’t(2) made upmymindyet.Wehadhopedto(3)</p><p>make atriptothestateparkandgocamping.</p><p>TONI: Haveyou(4)_________anyarrangementsyet?</p><p>BETH:</p><p>No,wehavetocallaheadandreserveaspace,butIcan’t(5)_________</p><p>outthephonenumberhere.</p><p>TONI: Letmesee.It’s255-9476.</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>BETH: Whatareyougoingto(6)_________withthedogwhileyouaregone?</p><p>TONI:</p><p>Myneighborssaidtheywould(7)_________meafavorandkeephim</p><p>forus.</p><p>BETH:</p><p>Ifwegetallofthearrangements(8)_________,wouldyouandSteve</p><p>liketojoinus?</p><p>TONI:</p><p>Sure,butbeforeI(9)_________anyplans,Ihaveto(10)_________the</p><p>beds,(11)_________thedishes,andgetmyhair(12)_________.</p><p>BETH:</p><p>Whileyouare(13)_________allthat,Iwill(14)_________astopat</p><p>Gene’sofficetoseewhatheplansto(15)_________.</p><p>TONI:</p><p>YouandIcan(16)_________thecookingand(17)_________the</p><p>laundry,andwewilllettheboys(18)_________agoodjobofcatching</p><p>andcleaningthefish.</p><p>BETH: Areyousuretheycan(19)withoutthetelevisionforthatlongatime?</p><p>TONI:</p><p>Wewillhaveto(20)_________adealwiththemto(21)_________</p><p>theirbestatthecampgrounds.Let’snot(22)_________anytroublefor</p><p>themandatleastbringaradioalong.</p><p>BETH:</p><p>Okay,Toni,let’s(23)_______certain</p><p>thatthisisanenjoyabletripforus,</p><p>too.Whateverentertainmentweplanwilldefinitely(24)_______a</p><p>differenceontheoutcomeofourweekend.</p><p>TONI:</p><p>Callmewhenyouhave(25)_______allthearrangementsandwewill</p><p>talkaboutthem.Seeyoulater.</p><p>EXERCISE60:WRITING</p><p>Afteryouhavelookeduptheseexpressionsinthedictionaryandaresure</p><p>of theirmeaning, write an original sentencewith each of the following,</p><p>varyingyoursubjectsthroughout.</p><p>1.doone’sbestIalwaystrytodomybest.</p><p>2.dothecooking_________________</p><p>3.doawaywith___________________</p><p>4.dowithout_____________________</p><p>5.dothelaundry_________________</p><p>6.doagoodjob__________________</p><p>7.makeadifference______________</p><p>9.makeadeal____________________</p><p>10.makebelieve_________________</p><p>11.makecertain_________________</p><p>12.makeagoodimpression_______</p><p>13.makeprogress________________</p><p>14.makeamistake_______________</p><p>15.makeout_____________________</p><p>EXERCISE61:WRITING</p><p>Writea100-wordparagraphdescribingatypicaldayinyourlife.Usefive</p><p>doandfivemakeexpressions.</p><p>AFFIRMATIVEANDNEGATIVECOMMANDS</p><p>TheImperativeMood(commonlyknownascommands)isusedwhenyou</p><p>ordersomeonetodoornottodosomething.Thedirectcommandsareaddressed</p><p>toyou singular and plural. In each of the following, you is understood as the</p><p>subject,thepersontowhomthecommandisaddressed.Affirmativecommands</p><p>usethesimplestformoftheverb——thatis,theinfinitivewithoutto.Hereare</p><p>someexamples:</p><p>togo toeat todance torun</p><p>Forthenegative,eachoftheseaddsDon’tinfrontofthecommand.</p><p>SpeakEnglishinthisclass.Don’tspeakSpanish.</p><p>Behereatoneo’clock.Don’tbehereateleveno’clock.</p><p>If the speaker plans to include him/herself in the command, then he/she</p><p>usesLet’sfortheaffirmativeandLet’snotforthenegative.</p><p>Let’sgotothemoviestonight.Let’snotwalkinthepark.</p><p>Let’stalktotheprofessornow.Let’snotwaituntillater.</p><p>EXERCISE62:WRITING</p><p>Imagine that you were the king, queen, or president for one day.What</p><p>wouldyoucommandeveryonetodoornottodo?Usetheverbsbelowto</p><p>writecommands,orcreateyourown.</p><p>Ex:PayyourtaxesbeforeApril15.</p><p>Don’tsmokeinsidethelibrary.</p><p>NEGATIVECOMMANDS</p><p>These are commands that instruct a specific person not to perform an</p><p>action.Noticethatthenegativefollowstheauxiliarydo.</p><p>Dennis,don’twriteyouressayinpencil.</p><p>Pleasedon’tlitterthestreetswithpaper.</p><p>Don’tletyourgastankrunlow,Rita.</p><p>Indirectcommands involve instructionsgiven tosomeone,butnotat the</p><p>particular moment of speaking. These forms use the word not before the</p><p>infinitive.</p><p>Themanageraskedtheemployeesnottoarrivelateforwork.</p><p>Ourteacheralwaystellsusnottowastetime.</p><p>Pleasetellyourfriendsnottoparktheircarsbehindmine.</p><p>Theparkrangersorderedthevisitorsnottofeedthebears.</p><p>EXERCISE63</p><p>Changetheaffirmativecommandstonegativeones.</p><p>1.Ifyougettothegrocerystore,buyicecream.(Don’tbuyicecream.)</p><p>2.Cookthespaghettiforonly10minutes.(Don’tcookitfor20minutes.)</p><p>3.WealwaystellourfriendstogototheHunanrestaurantforgoodChinese</p><p>food.</p><p>4.Mymotheralwaysasksmetowalkslowly.</p><p>5.Telluswhatyourproblemis.</p><p>6.Rideyourbicyclesinthestreet.</p><p>7.Sendyourlettertotheoffice.</p><p>8.Askthemtosendthecheckinthemail.</p><p>9.Ifyoucannotsolvetheequation,askTed.</p><p>10.Theinsurancecompanyorderedtheclienttomakepaymentonthebill.</p><p>EXERCISE64</p><p>Kim is a new student on campus and is somewhat confused about</p><p>information. Straighten her out by telling herwhatnot to do.Use direct</p><p>commands.</p><p>1.ProfessorGoodingtoldustostudythenewvocabularyinChapter3.</p><p>2.Thesecretaryintheregistrar’sofficetoldthemtopayfeesafterJune20.</p><p>3.Thepolicemansaystoparkinthebluezone.</p><p>4.ProfessorHarrissaidtoarrivebefore8:15.</p><p>5.ThelibrarianaskedmetoreturnthebooksafterJune30.</p><p>6.Thesigninthecafeteriasaidtoeatinthefacultydiningarea.</p><p>7.Myfriendaskedmetorideonthesidewalkoncampus.</p><p>8.Ourteacherrequestedustobringabilingualdictionarytoclass.</p><p>9.InthedormitorywewereaskedtodoourlaundryonFriday.</p><p>10.ThesigninthefinanceofficesaidtowriteourSocialSecuritynumberon</p><p>thebackofallchecks.</p><p>EXERCISE65</p><p>JudgeJudyisarealjudgewhohasherowntelevisionshowandmeetsall</p><p>kindsofpeopleeveryweek.She is extremely frankanddemandingwith</p><p>people.Whatmightbesomeofhercommandstothefollowingpeoplewho</p><p>haveappearedonhershowrecently?Usedifferentverbsthroughout.Use</p><p>affirmativeandnegativecommands.</p><p>Example:John,yourbeardisamess.Shaveyourbeard.Getashave.</p><p>1.Marsha,youarrivelateforclasseveryday.</p><p>2.Preston,yourex-wifecan’tbuythechildren’smedicineonhersalary.</p><p>3.Marco,you’retoobossy.</p><p>4.Ms.Tamuko,yourneighborsarecomplainingaboutyouryardfilledwith</p><p>junk.</p><p>5.Ms.Davis,yourcreditorshavebeenpatientlongenough.</p><p>6.Raymond,Iwon’tputupwithyouroutburstsinmycourtroom.</p><p>7.Mrs.Kaley,yourchildrenaretoonoisy.</p><p>8.Vincent,you’realazybum.</p><p>9.Mandy,youreadtoomanytrashynovels.</p><p>10.Flo,you’retoofatfromeatingsomuchjunkfood.</p><p>11.Dennis,youspendmoremoneyeverymonththanyouearn.</p><p>12.Bobby,it’samajorcrimetostealcars.</p><p>13.Ms.Jackson,yourfoodtastesterrible.</p><p>14.Dr.Taylor,yourpatientscan’taffordsuchoutrageousprices.</p><p>15.Mrs.Riordan,yourson’sanalcoholicat15.</p><p>16.Mario,yourgradesforacollegestudentarepathetic.</p><p>17.Sandy,youareverynastytoyourbrothersandsisters.</p><p>18.Mark,yourtypingisterrible.</p><p>19.Dr.Daniels,yourstudentscannotunderstandyouwhenyoulecturein</p><p>class.</p><p>20.Sue,youneedtogetalife.</p><p>USEDTO•BEUSEDTO•GETUSEDTO</p><p>1.usedto+verbindicatesanaction(repeatedorhabitual)inthepast,but</p><p>onethatdoesnottakeplacenow.</p><p>Jimusedtoridehisbiketoclass,butnowhedrives.</p><p>WeusedtoliveinOregon,butnowweliveinOrlando.</p><p>2. be used to + [V + ing] indicates an action that has been a common</p><p>practiceforalongtime.</p><p>Glenlovestogocamping.Heisusedtosleepingontheground.</p><p>Judyisanurse.Sheisusedtoworkinginahospital.</p><p>3.getusedto+[V+ing] indicatesanaction thatdidnotpreviously take</p><p>place,butonetowhichthespeakerhasaccustomedhim/herselfatalaterdate.</p><p>Although Toshio never spoke English in Japan, he’s getting used to</p><p>speakingithere.</p><p>Iwasverymuchafraidof thewater,butnowIamused toswimming in</p><p>thepool.</p><p>EXERCISE66</p><p>Selectthecorrectformforeachsentence.</p><p>1.Marinaisfinallygettingusedto(cook,cooking)inanAmericankitchen.</p><p>2.WethoughtPerrywouldnevergetusedto(speak,speaking)beforea</p><p>largegroup.</p><p>3.Thetowelsusedto(be,being)inthehallcloset,butnowthey’reinthe</p><p>bathroomcloset.</p><p>4.Louandtheboysareusedto(swim,swimming)intheocean.</p><p>5.Scottusedto(go,going)toCapitalUniversity,buthehasgraduatedand</p><p>isworkinginalawfirm.</p><p>6.Theboysarefinallygettingusedto(attend,attending)early-morning</p><p>classes.</p><p>7.Dollyhadtogetusedto(wear,wearing)heavyclothingagainaftershe</p><p>movedtotheNorth.</p><p>8.Indiausedto(belong,belonging)totheUnitedKingdom,butitisnowan</p><p>independentcountry.</p><p>9.NewYorkusedto(be,being)calledNewAmsterdam.</p><p>10.Thetennisplayersareusedto(practice,practicing)inveryhotweather.</p><p>11.Billisusedto(get,getting)toworkearlyeverymorning.</p><p>12.Iamfinallygettingusedto(drive,driving)mynewcar.</p><p>13.Theballerinausedto(dance,dancing)sixhoursaday.</p><p>14.Myneighborsusedto(live,living)inCanada.</p><p>15.Dr.Nicholswillbeusedto(work,working)intheclinicinacoupleof</p><p>months.</p><p>16.</p><p>TheChineseareusedto(eat,eating)withchopsticks.</p><p>17.Sherrihopesthatshewillgetusedto(type,typing)onhernewelectric</p><p>machinesoon.</p><p>18.Elaineisusedto(sew,sewing)sixdressesaday.</p><p>19.GuyLombardogotusedto(direct,directing)theorchestrawhenhewas</p><p>veryyoung.</p><p>20.AfterPhilippe’saccident,hehadtogetusedto(ski,skiing)more</p><p>carefully.</p><p>’sAND’dCONTRACTIONS</p><p>Distinguishingbetweenthepairsofconfusingcontractionscanceasetobe</p><p>aproblemwhenyoufollowthesesimplerules:</p><p>The’sruleappliesonlytoformsofhe,she,it,andotherthird-personforms</p><p>inthesingular.</p><p>’s+[V+ing]=is</p><p>Mary’srunningnow.Maryisrunning.</p><p>Who’scookingdinner?Whoiscookingdinner?</p><p>’s+pastparticiple=has</p><p>Vince’searnedhisraise.Vincehasearnedhisraise.</p><p>Theteacher’sgradedthepapers.Theteacherhasgraded....</p><p>NOTE</p><p>Donotconfusethecontractionforthird-personsubject+verbwiththe</p><p>possessives.Althoughtheymaylookthesame,theirmeaningsare</p><p>different.</p><p>person+’s+noun=possessive</p><p>Ann’sdressisveryelegant.(ThedressbelongingtoAnn)</p><p>Mymother’scarneedsgas.(Thecarbelongingtomymother)</p><p>The’druleappliestoallformsregardlessofthesubject.</p><p>’d+pastparticiple=had</p><p>Allofourfriendssaidthatthey’dgonecampingthisweekend.</p><p>Allofourfriendssaidthattheyhadgonecampingthisweekend.</p><p>’d+better=had</p><p>You’dbetternoteatallofthecookiesbeforesupper.</p><p>Youhadbetternoteatallofthecookiesbeforesupper.</p><p>’d+simpleformoftheverb=would</p><p>She’dvisitEuropeifshehadthemoney.</p><p>ShewouldvisitEuropeifshehadthemoney.</p><p>’d+rather+verb=wouldrather</p><p>He’dratherexcavateruinsthantakeatriptoLasVegas.</p><p>Hewouldratherexcavateruinsthan...</p><p>NOTE</p><p>Forthefollowingexpressions,alwaysusebeastheauxiliary.</p><p>accustomedto supposedto usedto</p><p>Mel’saccustomedtolivingalone.=Melisaccustomedto...</p><p>Sam’ssupposedtoturninhisphotographstomorrow.=Samissupposedto</p><p>...</p><p>He’susedtodrivingasmallcar.=Heisusedto...</p><p>EXERCISE67</p><p>Decidewhichofthetwoformsinparenthesesisthecorrectauxiliaryverb.</p><p>1.We’dalreadydecidednottogoonthefieldtrip.(had,would)</p><p>2.Everyone’splanningonattendingthelecturetonight.(is,has)</p><p>3.He’sbeenwonderingaboutthatmatterforalongtime.(is,has)</p><p>4.They’dprefersteaktochicken.(had,would)</p><p>5.She’dboughtthevacuumcleanerbeforeitwasonsale.(had,would)</p><p>6.Nothing’smoreunpleasantthantohaveitrainonapicnic.(is,has)</p><p>7.Lisa’splayingherguitarforherfriends.(is,has)</p><p>8.I’dwantedtovisitPerufor15years.(had,would)</p><p>9.He’dbetterpayhisfeesbeforeclosingtimetomorrow.(had,would)</p><p>10.Theteacher’ssupposedtoshowussomeslidesthisafternoon.(is,has)</p><p>11.Johnsaysthatit’ssnowingsohardthatthetrafficisnotmoving.(is,has)</p><p>12.Nancy’dliketoridethroughthescenicarea.(had,would)</p><p>13.They’dletusborrowtheportableelectrictypewriter,butthereareno</p><p>batteriesforit.(had,would)</p><p>14.“Something’srotteninDenmark,”saidHamlet.(is,has)</p><p>15.It’dbeeasiertocorrectthatpaperifyouwroteitonthecomputer.(had,</p><p>would)</p><p>16.We’dappreciateyourresponseassoonaspossible.(had,would)</p><p>17.Betty’susedtodrivingalongwaytoworkeveryday.(is,has)</p><p>18.How’stheteamsupposedtogethere?(is,has)</p><p>19.You’dalreadyorderedthepizzabeforewearrived.(had,would)</p><p>20.She’sacceptedthejobthatoffersmorebenefits.(is,has)</p><p>EXERCISE68</p><p>Rewritethesentences,usingcontractions.</p><p>1.JoanhasalreadybeentoGrandCanyon,butnotherbrothers.Joan’s</p><p>alreadybeen...</p><p>2.Whowouldliketovolunteertobethespokespersonfortherally?Who’d</p><p>liketo...</p><p>3.Whatishappeningwiththepriceofoillately?</p><p>4.Melhasbeenworkingveryhardlatelyandhopestobeabletorelaxnext</p><p>month.</p><p>5.Youwouldbebetterofftakingthebackroadstoavoidtherush-hour</p><p>traffic.</p><p>6.Chrissaidhehadriddenhisbicycleabout20milesbeforeitbeganto</p><p>storm.</p><p>7.Sonyaishavingherhairdoneatthenewbeautyshoptoday.</p><p>8.Markissurfinginthebigcontestthisafternoon.</p><p>9.Brettsaidthathehadalreadywonatrophyintheslalom.</p><p>10.Iwouldcertainlyhaveconsideredthatofferiftheyhadmadeittome.</p><p>11.Whatisinthebiggreenboxonthetable?</p><p>12.Whenisourplaneduetoarrive?</p><p>13.IthasbeensuchalongtimesinceIhavegonenorthtovisitmyrelatives.</p><p>14.Wehadnosoonerreturnedfromourvacationthanthephonerang.</p><p>15.WhenBillyarrived,Suehadalreadyleftforhome.</p><p>16.Berniehadalreadyacceptedthemoneybeforeherealizedwhyithad</p><p>beengiventohim.</p><p>17.Youwouldwanttoreadthebookifyouknewhowinterestingitwas.</p><p>18.Kurtisplayingballthisevening.</p><p>19.YouwouldbesurprisedhowmanytouristsvisitMountRushmoreevery</p><p>year.</p><p>20.Mrs.HarthastaughtatOakHallSchoolformanyyears.</p><p>EXERCISE69</p><p>Ineachsentence,circletheunderlineditemthatisincorrect.</p><p>1.Itwassnowingsohardlastnightthatwecanhardlyseetheroadaswe</p><p>weredriving.</p><p>A.so</p><p>B.that</p><p>C.can</p><p>D.weredriving</p><p>2.Thenoviceplayermustoftrieddozensoftimestogettheballthrough</p><p>thehoop.</p><p>A.mustof</p><p>B.oftimes</p><p>C.get</p><p>D.through</p><p>3.BecausePaulishavingtroublewiththeexam,hefinishedlaterthan</p><p>anyoneelse.</p><p>A.Because</p><p>B.having</p><p>C.finished</p><p>D.else</p><p>4.TheDeclarationofIndependenceisproclaimingthatweareendowed</p><p>withcertaininalienablerights.</p><p>A.isproclaiming</p><p>B.we</p><p>C.with</p><p>D.inalienable</p><p>5.ProfessorBakerwassowrappedupinhispresentationthathewas</p><p>deviatedfromreadinghispreparedspeech.</p><p>A.wrappedup</p><p>B.that</p><p>C.wasdeviated</p><p>D.reading</p><p>6.Iaskedhimwhoitwaswhocalledsolatelastnightandthenhangedup</p><p>justwhenIansweredthetelephone.</p><p>A.whoitwas</p><p>B.solate</p><p>C.hanged</p><p>D.answered</p><p>7.Dr.Johnsonwastaughtanthropologyandsociologyattheuniversityfor</p><p>tenyearsbeforeretiring.</p><p>A.wastaught</p><p>B.and</p><p>C.for</p><p>D.retiring</p><p>8.Rosa’sweddingwasscheduledforAugust5,butsomeunforeseen</p><p>circumstancesforceshertochangeherplans.</p><p>A.wasscheduled</p><p>B.August5</p><p>C.forces</p><p>D.tochange</p><p>9.Sheroseherheadfromthepillowwhensheheardthestrangenoise.</p><p>A.rose</p><p>B.from</p><p>C.when</p><p>D.heard</p><p>10.Icouldn’tsleeplastnight,soIjustlaidtherethinkingabouttomorrow’s</p><p>meeting.</p><p>A.couldn’t</p><p>B.laid</p><p>C.thinking</p><p>D.tomorrow’s</p><p>11.Ifyouhadthoughtaboutitlongenough,youwillhavefindasolutionto</p><p>theproblem.</p><p>A.thought</p><p>B.longenough</p><p>C.willhave</p><p>D.tothe</p><p>12.IfMelaniehadpreparedamuchbetterspeech,thechairmanwouldbe</p><p>impressed.</p><p>A.a</p><p>B.better</p><p>C.wouldbe</p><p>D.impressed</p><p>13.AlltheexhibitswesawrepresentstheColonialperiodinhistory.</p><p>A.All</p><p>B.represents</p><p>C.period</p><p>D.inhistory</p><p>14.Readingmanybooksduringthesummerarethegoalofmanyyoung</p><p>students.</p><p>A.Reading</p><p>B.during</p><p>C.are</p><p>D.many</p><p>15.Thestudents,accompaniedbytheiradviser,haslabmeetingsevery</p><p>Wednesday.</p><p>A.The</p><p>B.by</p><p>C.has</p><p>D.meetings</p><p>16.Acombinationofmusicalinstrumentsproduceanenjoyableand</p><p>memorablesound.</p><p>A.A</p><p>B.musical</p><p>C.produce</p><p>D.memorable</p><p>EXERCISE70</p><p>EXERCISE70</p><p>Fillinthechart,usingthecorrecttenses.Thefirsttwohavebeendone.</p><p>EXERCISE71</p><p>Fillinthechart,usingthecorrecttenses.Thefirsttwohavebeendone.</p><p>EXERCISE72</p><p>Findtheerrorineachsentence,andcirclethecorrespondingletter.</p><p>1.Agoodpresentationofmerchandisewillmakeaclientfeelinterestingin</p><p>whatisondisplay.</p><p>A.A</p><p>B.willmake</p><p>C.interesting</p><p>D.what</p><p>2.Myfirstandsecondjobsdifferedinthreemajoraspects:wages,working</p><p>condition,andbenefits.</p><p>A.second</p><p>B.in</p><p>C.aspects</p><p>D.workingcondition</p><p>3.Onceastudentisacceptedindentalschool,heisneedingthreemore</p><p>yearsofstudybeforehecangraduate.</p><p>A.accepted</p><p>B.isneeding</p><p>C.ofstudy</p><p>D.cangraduate</p><p>4.Thereisnotmanycommunicationamongneighborslivinginhousesas</p><p>there</p><p>isamongthoselivinginapartments.</p><p>A.many</p><p>B.living</p><p>C.among</p><p>D.asthereis</p><p>5.Theplayerstrytomakeasfewcontactaspossiblewiththeopposing</p><p>teamtoavoidpenalties.</p><p>A.tomake</p><p>B.few</p><p>C.opposing</p><p>D.penalties</p><p>6.GermanshepherdsandDobermansmakeanexcellentpets,protectors,or</p><p>guidesfortheblind.</p><p>A.Dobermans</p><p>B.an</p><p>C.pets</p><p>D.fortheblind</p><p>7.Infootballtheplayersarepushingandshovingonbothsides,butin</p><p>baseballthereishardlysomecontact.</p><p>A.are</p><p>B.both</p><p>C.thereis</p><p>D.some</p><p>8.ManypeopleareaccustomedtocometoFloridaforvacationbecauseof</p><p>thelargenumberoftouristattractionsfoundthereandthewarm</p><p>sunshineatthebeaches.</p><p>A.tocome</p><p>B.becauseof</p><p>C.number</p><p>D.thewarm</p><p>9.Drivingthespeedlimitonournation’shighwayshelpsavelives,avoid</p><p>accidents,andreducegasconsumption.</p><p>A.Driving</p><p>B.help</p><p>C.accidents</p><p>D.reduce</p><p>10.UsskierswillbeleavingforthemountainsnextFridayassoonasclass</p><p>letsoutandwearriveatthestation.</p><p>A.Us</p><p>B.willbeleaving</p><p>C.assoonas</p><p>D.wearrive</p><p>11.Myfriendsaredisappointedinmenottryinghardertofinishtheproject</p><p>beforetheassigneddeadline.</p><p>A.disappointed</p><p>B.me</p><p>C.tofinish</p><p>D.assigned</p><p>12.Acowisasweetandgentle-lookingsoul;however,theycanbequite</p><p>stubbornanddangerouswhenupset.</p><p>A.gentle-looking</p><p>B.they</p><p>C.quite</p><p>D.when</p><p>13.Marijuanawasonceconsideredlessharmfulthancigarettes,but</p><p>scientistshavenowprovedotherwise.</p><p>A.once</p><p>B.considered</p><p>C.than</p><p>D.otherwise</p><p>14.He’ssupposetoarriveattheairportby2:15,butIheardsomeonesay</p><p>thattheplanehadanother45-minutedelay.</p><p>A.suppose</p><p>B.arrive</p><p>C.say</p><p>D.another</p><p>15.She’susedtorideherbicycletoclasseveryday,butshehadaflattire</p><p>andhadtotakethebus.</p><p>A.used</p><p>B.ride</p><p>C.to</p><p>D.totake</p><p>16.Ithasbeendifficulttointegrateallthegroupstooursocietyduetotheir</p><p>differentsocialvaluesandtraditions.</p><p>A.tointegrate</p><p>B.to</p><p>C.due</p><p>D.different</p><p>17.Thechildrenwerehavingtoogoodatimeplayingwiththeirnewtoys</p><p>thattheyforgottowalkthedog.</p><p>A.were</p><p>B.toogoodatime</p><p>C.with</p><p>D.towalk</p><p>18.Petertoldusthathefinishedhisprojectbeforeleavingthehouse</p><p>yesterdaymorning.</p><p>A.us</p><p>B.finished</p><p>C.leaving</p><p>D.thehouse</p><p>19.Wewouldalreadyboughtandusedthewashingmachinebeforethebig</p><p>sale.</p><p>A.would</p><p>B.used</p><p>C.before</p><p>D.bigsale</p><p>20.Sy’sdoctorsuggestedthathetakeshismedicinewithwater30minutes</p><p>beforeeating.</p><p>A.suggested</p><p>B.takes</p><p>C.with</p><p>D.eating</p><p>PARTII</p><p>ESL</p><p>AdvancedGrammar</p><p>AdvancedGrammar</p><p>ESL</p><p>CHAPTER7</p><p>Pronouns</p><p>Chapter7</p><p>PRONOUNS</p><p>POSSESSIVEPRONOUNS</p><p>Possessivepronounsshowownership(belongingtosomeone).Noticethat</p><p>thereisnoapostrophe(’)withtheseforms:</p><p>mine ours</p><p>yours yours</p><p>his,hers theirs</p><p>Thisbookishis.Thatoneismine.</p><p>Wehaveourbooks,andtheyhavetheirs.</p><p>EXERCISE73</p><p>Change these possessive adjectives andnouns to pronouns.Then rewrite</p><p>thewholesentence.</p><p>Example:Mybookisveryinteresting.</p><p>Mineisveryinteresting.</p><p>1.HissistersliveinKansas.</p><p>2.PhilandQuan’sstoreisdowntown.</p><p>3.Theirhousehasapatio.</p><p>4.Weboughtourtickets.</p><p>5.Youneedyourpassportstamped.</p><p>6.Canheeathisdessertnow?</p><p>7.Wehaveourpassports.DoesSallyhaveherpassport?</p><p>8.Whenwillyoureceiveyourcheck?</p><p>9.Ourgrouptooktheexamslastweek.Whendidyoutakeyourexams?</p><p>10.Ourbillishigherthanyourbill.</p><p>EXERCISE74</p><p>Look at the following questions and answer them, using the possessive</p><p>pronouns.</p><p>Example:WheredidRosaputherbooks?Sheputhersonthedesk.</p><p>How often do you visit your family? I visit mine every</p><p>Sunday.</p><p>1.Dotheyhavetheirticketsandmyticket?</p><p>2.Whenwillyourshoesbereadyattheshoerepair?</p><p>3.Didshepassallherfinalexams?</p><p>4.Wheredohisparentslive?</p><p>5.ArethoseSara’sscissors?</p><p>6.CanJamesidentifyhiscarintheparkinglot?</p><p>7.Didyoubuymyticketsfortheballet?</p><p>8.Haveyouwrittenyourtermpaperyet?</p><p>9.Wereyouranswerscorrect?</p><p>10.Whenwillyourchecksarrive?</p><p>TRANSFORMATIONOF</p><p>DIRECTANDINDIRECTOBJECTS</p><p>There are two ways to write the direct object and the indirect object</p><p>togetherinasentencewithoutchangingthemeaning.</p><p>1.Thedirectobjectcomesfirstandisfollowedbytoorforandtheindirect</p><p>object.</p><p>S+V+ direct(person/thing)+to/for+ (person/animal)</p><p>2.Theindirectobjectwithnoprepositioncancomebeforethedirectobject.</p><p>subject+verb+indirectobject+directobject</p><p>Thereisnodifferenceinthemeaningbetweenthetwoplacements.Notall</p><p>verbscan follow this transformationpattern,buthere isa listof those thatdo.</p><p>Someof theseverbscanuseboth toand for,whileothersmayuseoneor the</p><p>other.</p><p>Ifyouareusingpronouns,youcanchangeboththeindirectobjectandthe</p><p>directobjecttothepronounform.</p><p>Tellthestorytome. Tellittome.</p><p>Bringtheflowersforthegirls. Bringthemforthem.</p><p>If two pronouns are used, follow the first pattern, not the second. In the</p><p>secondone, it sounds repetitiveusing the samepronouns. If youdonotknow</p><p>whattheyrefertointhefirstsentence,youwillneverunderstandthemeaningof</p><p>thesentence.</p><p>Itisincorrecttoplacetheprepositionalphrasebeforethedirectobject.</p><p>INCORRECT:Thebosssenttothemtheletters.</p><p>CORRECT: Thebosssentthemtheletters.</p><p>Keep in mind that in the transformation when you are using the</p><p>prepositionalphrase,theindirectobjectdirectlyfollowsthedirectobject,andit</p><p>isnotplacedafterotherpartsofthesentence.</p><p>Givemethebook. Givethebooktome.</p><p>Nellyfoundussometickets. Nellyfoundsometicketsforus.</p><p>EXERCISE75</p><p>Rewriteeachsentencesothat theindirectobject immediatelyfollowsthe</p><p>verb,thuseliminatingthepreposition.</p><p>Example:Tellthestorytous.Tellusthestory.</p><p>1.Getsomecoffeeforme.</p><p>2.Theteacherreadthestorytothestudents.</p><p>3.Timleftthisgiftforyou.</p><p>4.Theartistdrewaportraitforme.</p><p>5.Mysonfeedsthefoodtohisdogeveryday.</p><p>6.Thecompanywillbuildahouseforusverysoon.</p><p>7.Sally,showyourdolltome.</p><p>8.Mr.DixonofferedthejobtoTracy.</p><p>9.Pleasefindmysweaterforme.</p><p>10.Ipromisedtogetabirdforhim.</p><p>EXERCISE76</p><p>Rewritethedirectobjectimmediatelyaftertheverb,anduseapreposition</p><p>withtheindirectobject.Makesurethatyoukeepthewholedirectobject</p><p>together.</p><p>Example:Lendus$20. Lend$20tous</p><p>Mrs.Jonestaughtthemmath. Mrs.Jonestaughtmathtothem.</p><p>1.Peterowesyoumanyfavors.</p><p>2.Annetteshowedhermotherthenewdress.</p><p>3.Aliceismakinghersisteranafghan.</p><p>4.Cutthemsomecakebeforeitdisappears.</p><p>5.I’llsendyouthephotosassoonastheyarrive.</p><p>6.Bringmethatcart.</p><p>7.Janet’sgrandmotherleftheraspecialring.</p><p>8.Soniapaidtheticketagentthemoney.</p><p>9.Myfatherreadmethenoticeinthepaper.</p><p>10.Nobodyboughtusanythingtoeat.</p><p>RECIPROCALPRONOUNS</p><p>Thesepronouns—eachotherandoneanother—areusedonlywithplural</p><p>conceptstoshowthattwoormorepeopleperformtheactiononeachother(two</p><p>people).Useoneanotherwhenmorethantwopeopleareinvolved.</p><p>RomeoandJulietlovedeachother.[Helovedherandshelovedhim.]</p><p>Wecalleachother everyday. [I callhim (her, them), andhe (she, they)</p><p>callme.]</p><p>Theywriteeachotherfrequently.</p><p>Wevisiteachothereverymonth.</p><p>TheGreeksandthePersiansfoughteachotheroften.</p><p>Theancientcivilizationscopiedoneanotherinmanyways.</p><p>Dressdesignersareconstantlytryingtooutdooneanother.</p><p>Aftertheirdivorce,HarveyandLacyhatedeachother somuch that they</p><p>almostkilledeachother.</p><p>The children will chase one another around the yard until they are</p><p>exhausted.</p><p>Athletescompeteagainstoneanotherallthetime.</p><p>EXERCISE77</p><p>Write sentences that show reciprocal action. Add prepositions and any</p><p>necessarywordstocompletethesentences.</p><p>Example:Actor/actress/kiss/passionately/during/lovescene.</p><p>Theactorandactresskissedeachotherpassionatelyduring the love</p><p>scene.</p><p>1.Mr./Mrs.Smith/sing/often.</p><p>2.Chris/Rachel/see/weekends.</p><p>3.We/find/inworld/great/technologicaladvances.</p><p>4.Henry/Joan/lookfor/incrowd.</p><p>5.Marty/hissister/tease/about/pronunciation.</p><p>6.Stan/Nancy/theirfriends/buy/Christmasgifts.</p><p>7.Mysister/I/give/moralsupport.</p><p>8.Thesoldier/hiswife/hold/tightly/after/return/Iraq.</p><p>9.Tom/Sally/know/foryears/before/gettingmarried.</p><p>10.Tony/hismother/meet/Thursdays/lunch.</p><p>11.Nancy/mother/speak/telephone/everyday.</p><p>12.Romeo/Juliet/love/verymuch.</p><p>13.John/Paul/nottake/seriously.</p><p>14.Judy/Christine/tell/secrets.</p><p>WHO,WHOM,WHOEVER,ANDWHOMEVER</p><p>Because it isoftendifficult todecideon thecorrect formofwho, whom,</p><p>whoever,orwhomever,keepthesehintsinmind:</p><p>• Block out the rest of the sentence and focus on only the relative</p><p>clause. In that clause, how does the word function—as subject or</p><p>object?</p><p>• Underlineall subjects andverbs in thecomplete sentence.Donot</p><p>forgettoincludetheyouunderstoodforthecommands.Ifyouhavean</p><p>even number (matched pairs of subjects and verbs), then themissing</p><p>formwillbewhom.</p><p>Itoldthemtoinvite(whoever,whomever)theywanted.</p><p>S+V S+V</p><p>(Because there are two pairs here, the missing form is the object,</p><p>whomever.)</p><p>If there are not an equal number ofmatching pairs, then use the subject</p><p>who.</p><p>Givethebooksto(whoever,whomever)answersthedoor.</p><p>(you)give=S+V V</p><p>Here there is one pair and a verbwith no subject, so the correct form is</p><p>whoever.Itisthesubjectoftheclausewhoeveranswersthedoor.</p><p>S + V + D.O.</p><p>Who/whoever and whom/whomever are not interchangeable. Whoever</p><p>referstowhateverperson,anyoneatall,whilewhoreferstosomeonespecific.</p><p>The girl who is wearing the red dress is my cousin. (This refers to a</p><p>specificgirl.)</p><p>Whoever(anypersonatall)needsthemoneyshouldhaveit.</p><p>Fortheobject,usewhomevertomakeitthereceiveroftheactioninitsown</p><p>clause.Theremayormaynotbeapreposition.</p><p>Invitewhomever(anypersonatall)youchoose.</p><p>Givethepackagestowhoeveranswersthedoor.</p><p>Noticethat inthesecondone, theformis thesubject,becauseitperforms</p><p>theactionoftheclause“whoeveranswersthedoor.”Don’talwaysassumethat</p><p>becauseyouhavetheprepositioninfrontofthepronoun,itreferstotheobject.</p><p>Itreferstotheobjectonlyifitisreceivingtheaction.</p><p>Iknowtheboytowhomyouarespeaking.</p><p>Whomistheobjectinthefirstclauseaswellasinthesecondclause(you</p><p>arespeakingtowhom).Whomreceivestheactioninbothclauses.</p><p>Giveittowhomeveryouseeatthemuseum.</p><p>Whomeveristheobjectoftheverbgive(commandform)inthefirstclause</p><p>aswellasinthesecondclause(youseewhomeveratthemuseum).Whomever</p><p>receivestheactioninbothclauses.</p><p>Writethelettertowhoeveristhechairmanofthecommittee.</p><p>Whoeveristhesubjectofthesecondclause.</p><p>Givethemoneytothemanwhoisstandingbehindthedesk.</p><p>Whoisthesubjectoftheclausewhoisstandingbehindthedesk.</p><p>EXERCISE78</p><p>Supply thecorrect formofwho,whom,whoever,andwhomever in each</p><p>sentence.</p><p>Example:Marioknowswhomthecommitteehaschosenforpresident.</p><p>1.ItwasTerrySchmidt_________receivedthegolftrophy.</p><p>2.Thegirl_________thereporterinterviewedwasthevictimofthe</p><p>accident.</p><p>3.Asecretary_________hasnogoodcommunicationskillsisnotanasset</p><p>tothecompany.</p><p>4.Appoint_________youchoosetofilltheposition.</p><p>5.Thescholarshipwillbegivento_________hasthehighestgrades.</p><p>6.To_________didyouwishtospeak,sir?</p><p>7.Ican’tdecideon_________toinvitetothedinnerparty.</p><p>8.Natalie’smother,_________youmetlastnight,worksinthevice</p><p>president’soffice.</p><p>9._________designedthatbuildingcertainlyknewhowtoconservespace.</p><p>10.Can’tyourememberthepersonfrom_________youacceptedthe</p><p>money?</p><p>11.Givetheinformationto_________answersthetelephone.</p><p>12.Mr.Hyle,_________hasbeenourdirectorfor20years,isretiringin</p><p>July.</p><p>13.Canyouguess_________iscomingtovisitustomorrow?</p><p>14.Thepersonabout_________youspokesohighlyhasbeenofferedthe</p><p>jobasdirector.</p><p>15.NancyWilson,_________haslivedherefor25years,decidedtogoto</p><p>themountains.</p><p>16.Ican’timagine_________woulddosuchaterriblething!</p><p>17.Yoursuccessorwillbe_________youdesignate.</p><p>18.From_________didyourequestthecopies?</p><p>19._________selectedthosecolorshasnogoodtaste.</p><p>20._________hasallsixnumberswillwinthelottery.</p><p>PRONOUNREFERENCE</p><p>Pronounreferenceshowstherelationshipamongpronounsinasentenceor</p><p>those pronouns that replace nouns previously mentioned. One of the major</p><p>pronounerrorsisfoundintherelationshipofsingularnounslaterreferredtoby</p><p>pluralpronouns.</p><p>INCORRECT:</p><p>Everyone (singular) has to write their (plural) own summary before</p><p>leaving.</p><p>Eachstudentneedstohavepermissionfortheirtripnextweek.</p><p>Guncontrollegislaturewillneverbesuccessfuluntiltheyareoutlawed.</p><p>Oneshouldbeverycarefulbeforeyouacceptdateswithpeopleyoumeet</p><p>ontheInternet.</p><p>Ineachofthesesentences,thewriterhasshiftedfromsingulartoplural,or</p><p>fromthirdpersonalsingular(one)toasecondpersonpronoun(you).</p><p>NOTE</p><p>Eventhoughexpressionslikeeachperson,everyteacher,and</p><p>everybodyimplyapluralquantity,thesealltakeasingularverbanda</p><p>singularpronoun.</p><p>EXERCISE79</p><p>Makeallnecessarychangesineachsentencetoreflectpronounagreement.</p><p>Example: Every instructor teaches their class differently. Every</p><p>instructorteacheshis/herclassdifferently.</p><p>1.AccordingtotheConstitution,eachpersonisfreetodowhateverthey</p><p>wantaslongastheydon’tinfringeontherightsofothers.</p><p>2.Atthebeginningoftheday,everystaffmemberworetheiruniform.</p><p>3.EveryGirlScoutshouldcarrytheircup,nametag,andflashlightina</p><p>specialbag.</p><p>4.Eachpersonisconvincedthatpeaceisnecessaryforsurvival,andthey</p><p>mustformagovernmentthatwillworkforthebenefitofall.</p><p>5.WhenIarrivedatthehoteleveryonewascarryingtheirownsuitcases.</p><p>6.Nobodycangetallthethingsthattheywantinthislife.</p><p>7.Asheisgrowingup,eachchildneedsalotofunderstanding,orelsethey</p><p>willhaveproblemsandtheywillnotbegoodcitizens.</p><p>8.EachbookinthelibraryhastheirowncalllettersbasedontheDewey</p><p>DecimalSystem.</p><p>9.BoyScoutshavetheresponsibilityofcaringforhimselfandcooperating</p><p>withcampcounselorsandotherScouts.</p><p>10.Allofthefemaleteacherscreateheractivitiesandhelpstudentswork</p><p>together.</p><p>11.Wehadtotaketwosummerclasses,andourteacherstoldusaboutit.</p><p>12.Weneededpackingboxes,sowewenttothegrocerystoretogetit.</p><p>13.Beforemoving,IusedtogotothemovieseverySaturday,andnowI</p><p>missitverymuch.</p><p>14.Ifapersonreallycaresaboutanother,theycanfindmanywaystoshow</p><p>theirfeelings.</p><p>15.Wealltraveledtodifferentpartsofthecountryanddecidedtowrite</p><p>aboutit.</p><p>16.Eachoftheteamshastheirownprojecttofinishbeforetheendofthe</p><p>semester.</p><p>17.Ahospitalstaffmemberneedstobefriendly,becausetheyarethefirst</p><p>peoplewhocomeincontactwithpatients.</p><p>18.Manytimesduringyourlifewecanhaveanunusualexperience.</p><p>19.Eachhouseintheneighborhoodhastheirownuniquedesignandappeal.</p><p>20.Everyweekendoneofmyfriendsinvitesmetotheirhouse.</p><p>EXERCISE80</p><p>Readthefollowing,andcirclethecorrectanswer.</p><p>DayswithMyGrandmother</p><p>HowIrememberthedaysIspentwithmygrandmother!</p><p>The</p><p>AandAn</p><p>The</p><p>AppendixB–VocabularyHelp</p><p>AppendixC–PluralConcepts</p><p>Non-countNouns</p><p>FormingPlurals</p><p>AppendixD–WordPhraseswithPrepositions</p><p>AppendixE–IrregularVerbs</p><p>AnswerKeys</p><p>PARTI</p><p>ESL</p><p>IntermediateGrammar</p><p>IntermediateGrammar</p><p>ESL</p><p>CHAPTER1</p><p>Pronouns</p><p>Chapter1</p><p>PRONOUNS</p><p>Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns and all their modifiers.</p><p>They can be subjects, direct and indirect objects, interrogatives, impersonals,</p><p>objects of prepositions, reflexives, demonstratives, possessives, and relatives.</p><p>Thischartwillhelpyoukeepthemintheproperorder.</p><p>SUBJECTPRONOUNS</p><p>Pronounscanbesubjectsandperformaction.Herearethepronounsused</p><p>assubjects:</p><p>Usesubjectpronounsforthefollowing:</p><p>a.Asthesubjectoftheverb</p><p>Hewritesmusic. Shesingswell.</p><p>b.Afterthanorasincomparison</p><p>Hepaintsbetterthanshe. Iamastallashe.</p><p>c.Afteraformoftheverbbe</p><p>Itisl. Thewinnerwasshe.</p><p>In(b)ifyourepeattheverb,youcanseethatyoumustusethesubjectform.</p><p>Hepaintsbetterthanshe(paints). Iamastallashe(is).</p><p>Pronounscanbeobjects(receivers):direct,indirect,objectofapreposition:</p><p>me us</p><p>you you</p><p>him,her,it them</p><p>a.Khansawherlastnightinclass.(directobject)</p><p>b. Give the money to them immediately. Give them the money</p><p>immediately.(indirectobject)</p><p>c.Samboughtforusdinnerbecausewewereworkingsolate.(objectofa</p><p>preposition)</p><p>Wheneverthereisacompoundforminaprepositionalphrase,coverupthe</p><p>other noun and the word and, and then decide whether you need subject or</p><p>objectpronouns.</p><p>GivethebookstoJaneand .GiveJaneandherthebooks.</p><p>BycoveringupJaneand,youseethatthepronounisusedastheobjectof</p><p>theprepositionto,andherwouldbetheobjectform.</p><p>Patand sawthemovielastnight.</p><p>By covering up Pat and, you see that the pronoun is the subject form;</p><p>therefore,Iisthecorrectform.</p><p>EXERCISE1</p><p>Circle the correct form of the pronoun.When you have finished, check</p><p>youranswerswiththeanswerkeyinthebackofthebook.</p><p>Example:Youand(he,him)willrepresenttheclassatthemeeting.</p><p>Answer:Youand him)willrepresenttheclassatthemeeting.</p><p>1.(She,Her)andPaulareplanningonattendingtheconcert.</p><p>2.(We,Us)girlsinsistonbeingadmittedtotheclub.</p><p>3.OurteachergavetheextracredittoMelanieand(I,me).</p><p>4.Noonesawhimand(she,her)togetheratthegame.</p><p>5.Howmanyticketsdidyoubuyfor(we,us)?</p><p>6.Ihavetosee(they,them)beforetheofficecloses.</p><p>7.(He,Him)travelstoSanDiegoeveryspring.</p><p>8.Findtheboss’sfileandhanditto(him,he).</p><p>9.Theboyschallenged(we,us)girlstoatestofstrength.(We,Us)won,of</p><p>course.</p><p>10.Whenwillthedirectorpresenttheawardto(she,her)?</p><p>11.Ihopethat(she,her)acceptsthatnewjobinOrlando.</p><p>12.Someonetold(we,us)thatanewstorewouldbeopeningheresoon.</p><p>13.Whatdo(they,them)plantodoabouttheentertainmentfortheparty?</p><p>14.Willyoupleasehelp(he,him)unloadthepackages?</p><p>15.Howmanybookswillhedeliverto(she,her)?</p><p>16.CallovesMyriam,andhedreamedabout(she,her)allnightlong.</p><p>17.Nooneseemstoknowwhere(they,them)wentafterlunch.</p><p>18.Mysisterand(I,me)traveledthroughtheOrientlastyear.</p><p>19.Can(he,him)playtennisaswellas(they,them)?</p><p>20.John’sfatherearnsmorethan(he,him).</p><p>EXERCISE2</p><p>Circlethecorrectpronoun.</p><p>Example:Mothergave(us,we)themoneytobuysomemilk.</p><p>Answer:Mothergave we)themoneytobuysomemilk.</p><p>1.(Him,He)andIwenttoseeahorrormovielastnight.</p><p>2.Theteacherencouraged(we,us)studentstowatchtheplay.</p><p>3.Noonetook(she,her)and(I,me)seriouslywhenwetoldthestory.</p><p>4.ManyfanslovedBabeRuthandwenttosee(he,him)playball.</p><p>5.(Who,Whom)isDaveinvitingtothedance?</p><p>6.Theyareconcernedabout(we,us)becausewehaven’tcalled.</p><p>7.Mysistergave(they,them)thestampsfortheircollection.</p><p>8.Wesand(I,me)aretakingacruisetotheBahamas.</p><p>9.Youand(he,him)arewelcometojoinusattheclub.</p><p>10.ThedirectorgaveJilland(I,me)thescholarships.</p><p>11.Lauraandherbrotheraretakingatripwith(we,us)nextsummer.</p><p>12.Everybodywants(they,them)towinthechampionship.</p><p>13.Howmanypamphletsdo(they,them)need?</p><p>14.Willtherebeenoughfoodforallof(we,us)?</p><p>15.OnceKathyreceivesthecheck,(she,her)willpaythebills.</p><p>16.Samtook(I,me)totheconferenceinhisnewcar.</p><p>17.Sue’shusbandisgoingwith(she,her)toToronto.</p><p>18.Rafaeland(I,me)wereselectedasdelegatestotheconvention.</p><p>19.(I,me)amacceptingtheposition,andthisdisturbsmyparents.</p><p>20.Theboy(who,whom)iswearingthegreenshirtismycousin.</p><p>REFLEXIVEPRONOUNS</p><p>Pronounscan functionasreflexiveswhen thesubjectperforms theaction</p><p>onhim/herself.TheformshisselfandtheirselvesDONOTEXIST.Herearethe</p><p>reflexivepronouns:</p><p>Singular Plural</p><p>myself ourselves</p><p>yourself yourselves</p><p>himself themselves</p><p>herself</p><p>itself</p><p>oneself</p><p>IwritemyselfnotestohelpmerememberthingsthatIhavetodo.</p><p>Wewashourselvesbeforegoingtobed.</p><p>EXERCISE3</p><p>Useareflexivepronounforeachsentence.</p><p>Example:Thechilddressedhimselfwelldespitehisage.</p><p>1.Nancy,youneedtoprotect______________fromthesun.</p><p>2.Tomhurt______________skiinglastyear.</p><p>3.Wesaw______________inthosecrazycostumesandcouldn’tstop</p><p>laughing.</p><p>4.VictorandAbbasareworkingtwojobstoput__________through</p><p>college.</p><p>5.Theflyingobjectturned__________aroundanddisappearedinthe</p><p>night.</p><p>6.Ibought__________somenewclotheslastweek.</p><p>7.Susanacalls__________“doctor”eventhoughshehasn’tgraduatedyet.</p><p>8.HarryandSam,find__________aplacetosit,andI’llberightwithyou.</p><p>9.Janetcut__________whileshewasfixingherbicycle.</p><p>10.Eachstudenthastoteach__________howtostudywell.</p><p>EXERCISE4</p><p>Circlethecorrectpronounorpossessive.</p><p>Example:Youneed toask (you,yourself)whatyourgoalsarebefore</p><p>youbegin.</p><p>Answer:Give(he, thecheckassoonaspossible.</p><p>1.(We,Us)skierswillbeleavingforthemountainsnextweek.</p><p>2.Raulisastallas(I,me).</p><p>3.Sandyhurt(hisself,himself)whilerepairingthecar.</p><p>4.Jasonisluckythatthebaseballdidn’thit(he,him).</p><p>5.Mydaughterisolderthan(your,yours).</p><p>6.Theyareexpectedtodotheworkby(theirselves,themselves).</p><p>7.Hisbookisinteresting.(My,Mine)isboring.</p><p>8.Nancytaught(hers,herself)toplaythepiano.</p><p>9.Wehaven’tseen(they,them)sincetheyvisitedlastyear.</p><p>10.Presenttheawardstohimand(she,her).</p><p>11.Josepaintsaswellas(they,them).</p><p>12.Don’tgetup!It’sonly(I,me).</p><p>13.Weneedtogive(us,ourselves)arestfromthisjob.</p><p>RELATIVEPRONOUNS</p><p>Relativepronounsrelatetotheword(s)thatprecedesthem.Theyintroduce</p><p>adependentrelativeclause(aclausethatbyitselfdoesnotconveyacomplete</p><p>idea).Thisclauseusuallyeliminatestherepetitionofthesameword(s)anduses</p><p>oneofthefollowingpronounstoconnectthetwoclauses:</p><p>Usedonlyforpersons Usedonlyforthings</p><p>who that</p><p>whom which</p><p>whose(otherlivingthings)</p><p>Whoandwhomreferonlytopersons.Whoisthesubject(performer)ofthe</p><p>actionoftheverb.</p><p>Who functions as a subject in its clause (who iswaving tous) (whowill</p><p>replace Joan) and refers to the girl (singer). These clauses do not convey a</p><p>completeidea.</p><p>Whomistheobject(receiver)oftheaction.(Seeadetailedexplanationon</p><p>whoandwhominthePart2:ESLAdvancedGrammar.)</p><p>Whom is thesecondreceiverof theactionshouldaddress (guest</p><p>speaker=towhom)</p><p>Whoseshowspossessionandusuallyreferstopeopleorotherlivingthings.</p><p>Thatandwhichareusedwiththings.IninformalEnglishthatmayalsobe</p><p>usedwithpersons.Thatclausesarevitaltothesentence</p><p>Shewasakind</p><p>andgenerouswomanwhoalwaysseemedtohavetimeandenergyformany</p><p>things.Herhouselookedlikealltheotherlargehousesinoneof</p><p>Cleveland’soldestsections.However,myfondestmemoriesareofher</p><p>workinginthekitchen.Shelookedsohappyandcomfortableinhercrisp</p><p>whiteapronasshekneadedthedoughforherbakingpowderbiscuitsand</p><p>moldedthepiecrustinthePyrexdishes.Sheneverseemedtogrowtiredof</p><p>hermyriaddailychores.Nomatterwhatsheprepared,italwaystasted</p><p>wonderful.ItoftensmelledsogoodthatI’druninfromplayandask,“Isit</p><p>readyyet?HowsoonbeforeIcansampleit?”</p><p>EventhoughIwasonlyaten-year-oldgirl,shemademefeelimportant.</p><p>Wewouldsitontheporchafterlunchandtalkandsiphomemade</p><p>lemonade.Sheaddedthatextratouchofsomethingspecialthatmadeit</p><p>tastesogood.</p><p>Weoftenwentdowntownontheoldstreetcars.Thisprovedtobeareal</p><p>adventureaswewalkedtwolongblockstoboardthecarsandthensatthere</p><p>astheyrockedbackandforthonthetracksontheseven-miletriptotown.</p><p>Theconductorsoundedthebellwhenwereachedtheendoftheline.We</p><p>walkedupanddownEuclidAvenue,shoppingandstoppingtoeatina</p><p>specialrestaurant.</p><p>Threeyearslater,mygrandfatherdied,andsheappearedsadanddistant.</p><p>Shebecamequiet,andI,too,feltherpain.Igrewupveryquicklythatyear,</p><p>butIhaveneverforgottenthejoyfuldaysthatwespentinheroldhouse</p><p>withthelargekitchenfilledwiththearomaofherwonderfulcooking,her</p><p>kindsmile,andouranimatedconversations.</p><p>1.Theadjectiveherinsentence3,paragraph1,specificallyrefersto</p><p>A.somewoman</p><p>B.grandmother</p><p>C.house</p><p>D.Cleveland</p><p>2.Inparagraph1,Itoftensmelledsogood,refersto</p><p>A.biscuits</p><p>B.kitchenprepared</p><p>C.dough</p><p>D.whatshe</p><p>3.Inparagraph2,thelastsentence,itrefersto</p><p>A.lunch</p><p>B.extratouch</p><p>C.porch</p><p>D.lemonade</p><p>4.Inparagraph3,sentence2,thewordtheyrefersto</p><p>A.blocks</p><p>B.streetcars</p><p>C.tracks</p><p>D.neighbors</p><p>5.Inparagraph4,sentence1,sherefersto</p><p>A.grandfather</p><p>B.conductor</p><p>C.girl</p><p>D.grandmother</p><p>6.Inparagraph4,thelastsentence,thepronounwerefersto</p><p>A.girlandgrandmother</p><p>B.girlandgrandfather</p><p>C.girlandconductor</p><p>D.girlandI</p><p>EXERCISE81</p><p>Readthefollowing,andanswerthequestions.</p><p>Channeling</p><p>Channelingisnotthetuningfromonetelevisionstationtoanother.Itisa</p><p>formofspiritualismorcommunicationbetweenGuidesoftheSpirit,the</p><p>astrophysicalworldandtheearthlyplane.Itisadialoguecommunicationof</p><p>aGuidespeakingthroughamediumorpsychicwhohasputhimselfor</p><p>herselfinahypnoticstate.TheGuide,inspeakingexpresses,hisorher</p><p>thoughtsandnotthoseofthepsychic.</p><p>TheGuidesarevariousspiritentities,whohadsupposedlybeenphysical</p><p>beingsatonetime,butnowtheyexistinaworldorplanecommonlycalled</p><p>the“astralworld.”SomeoftheseGuidesclaimtobethousandsofyearsold</p><p>andhaveanancestrywaybeyondourunderstanding.Guideshaveasomber</p><p>andcalmwayofexpressingthemselvesandalwaysappeartohavea</p><p>pleasantandunderstandingpersonality.Somewell-knownGuidesare</p><p>Ramtha,Seth,andRaj.Manymediumsclaimtohaveregularcontactswith</p><p>them.</p><p>WhileitisclaimedthatanybodycancontactaGuide,itappearsthatonly</p><p>thosewithaso-calledpsychicpowerhavetheabilitytosucceed.The</p><p>channelingusuallybeginswhenthemediumgoesintomeditationandthen</p><p>lapsesintoaself-inducedhypnoticstate.Bysome“supernaturalmeans”the</p><p>Guideiscontactedandbeginsthedialogue.Guidescanbeeithermaleor</p><p>female.Besidesageneraldialogue,Guideswillsometimesanswer</p><p>questionsandgiveadvice.Also,duringthedialogue,thepsychichasno</p><p>controloverthewordsoftheGuide,andheorshespeaksinadifferent</p><p>voiceotherthanthatofthepsychic.</p><p>Generally,theGuideendsthedialogueandthepsychicquicklyreturnsto</p><p>anormalstate.Channelingisanalogoustospacealiens...somebelieve..</p><p>.somedonot.</p><p>1.Whatischanneling?</p><p>A.Sailingthroughwaterchannelsaroundtheworld</p><p>B.CommunicationbetweentwoGuides</p><p>C.Contactingaliensinouterspace</p><p>D.Travelingthousandsofyearsbackintime</p><p>2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisnottrueaboutGuides?</p><p>A.Theyareonlymales.</p><p>B.Theywereoncehumans.</p><p>C.Theyexpresstheirthoughtsandnotthoseofthepsychics.</p><p>D.Theyarecontactedbysupernaturalmeans.</p><p>3.WhatareGuides?</p><p>A.SpacealienswhocommunicatewithEarth</p><p>B.Humanswhohavecontactwiththespiritworld</p><p>C.Femalepsychicswhocommunicatewithaliens</p><p>D.Spiritbeingslivingintheastralworld</p><p>4.Whatcanbeinferredaboutchanneling?</p><p>A.It’sameansofcommunicationwithaliens.</p><p>B.Itprovidesanswerstosupernaturalmysteries.</p><p>C.It’sawayofputtingoneselfintoahypnoticstate.</p><p>D.It’sawayofcommunicatingwiththedead.</p><p>5.WhathappenswhenGuidesfinishtheircommunicationwithpsychics?</p><p>A.Thepsychicsputthemselvesinahypnoticstate.</p><p>B.Psychicsmovetoanastrophysicalworld.</p><p>C.PsychicsconversewithRamtha,Seth,andRaj.</p><p>D.Psychicsleavetheirhypnoticstateandreturntoanormalstate.</p><p>6.Howlonghavesomeofthemostwell-knownGuidesbeenaround?</p><p>A.Afewyears</p><p>C.Hundredsofyears</p><p>B.Manyyears</p><p>D.Thousandsofyears</p><p>7.WhocanmostsuccessfullycontactGuides?</p><p>A.Thosewhospeakinanothervoice</p><p>C.Onlythosewhohavedied</p><p>B.Thosewithpsychicpowers</p><p>D.OnlyRamtha,Seth,andRaj</p><p>8.Thepronounitinparagraph1refersto</p><p>A.spirit</p><p>B.channeling</p><p>C.communication</p><p>D.Guide</p><p>9.Thepronounwhoinparagraph1refersto</p><p>A.Spirit</p><p>B.psychic</p><p>C.himself</p><p>D.Guide</p><p>10.Thewordentitiesmeansmostnearlythesameas</p><p>A.entertainers</p><p>B.entrails</p><p>C.illusions</p><p>D.beings</p><p>11.Thepronountheyinparagraph2refersto</p><p>A.beings</p><p>B.Guides</p><p>C.thoughts</p><p>D.years</p><p>12.Thepronounthemattheendofparagraph2refersto</p><p>A.mediums</p><p>B.entities</p><p>C.contacts</p><p>D.Ramtha,Seth,andRaj</p><p>13.Thepronounheinparagraph3refersto</p><p>A.Guide</p><p>B.psychic</p><p>C.anybody</p><p>D.male</p><p>14.Thewordclaimedmeansmostnearlythesameas</p><p>A.repudiated</p><p>B.disavowed</p><p>C.maintained</p><p>D.clarified</p><p>OTHERANDITSFORMS</p><p>Theformsofothercanbedividedintopronounsandadjectives,depending</p><p>onhowtheyareusedinthesentence.</p><p>Pronouns Adjectives</p><p>others other</p><p>theother theother</p><p>theothers another</p><p>another anyother</p><p>Pronounswillreplacetheadjectiveformsandthenounsthatfollowthem.</p><p>While these are all similar, in that they represent a choice between or among</p><p>elements, they cannot be used interchangeably. The other equals a choice</p><p>betweentwospecificallymentionedelements.</p><p>Ihavetwogifts.Oneisforyou,theotherisforAlice.(theothergift)</p><p>Therearetwocarsinthegarage.Oneismysister’s,andtheotherismine.</p><p>(theothercar)</p><p>Iftherearemorethantwoelements,theexpressiontheothersisused.</p><p>Iboughtfourcakesatthebakery.Oneisforus;theothersarefortheparty</p><p>tonight.(theothercakes)</p><p>Ben found only one pair of his socks, but the others must be lost. (the</p><p>otherpairsofsocks)</p><p>Other and others are rather general terms, not specifically referring to</p><p>anythinginparticular.</p><p>JennybelievesinUFOs.Otherpeople,however,finditdifficulttoaccept</p><p>thattheseobjectsexist.</p><p>Afterhissurgery,Paulhadsomegooddays,butotherdayswerepainful.</p><p>Inbothofthesesentencesotherandthenouncouldhavebeenreplacedby</p><p>others,anon-specificgroup.Bothrefertosomethinginthepluralform.</p><p>Anothercanbebothapronounandanadjective,anditmeansanyother.</p><p>Whichever element someone chooses will be acceptable. There are only two</p><p>elementsinvolved.</p><p>Adjective:Doctor,Ican’tmakemyappointmentonFriday.Canwemake</p><p>itanotherday?(anyotherday—Monday,Tuesday,etc.)</p><p>Pronoun:Thispendoesn’twrite.Pleasegivemeanother.(anyotherpen)</p><p>Theotherday refers to a specific day, butanother daymeans any</p><p>other</p><p>day,somenon-specifiedday.</p><p>EXERCISE82</p><p>Usingthewordsfromthelist,writethecorrectforminthespaces.</p><p>Example: Because his counselor was absent, Mark had to speak to</p><p>anotheradvisor.</p><p>1.Paulismoreathleticthan___________boyinhisclass.</p><p>2.Therearen’tenoughbookstofillthisbox.Pleasegetme___________</p><p>fromontopofthetable.</p><p>3.___________daywehadvisitorsfromCleveland.</p><p>4.Somestudentswrotecompositionsonfamouspeople;___________</p><p>wroteontheirownpersonalexperiences.</p><p>5.Ourteacheraskedusiftherewere___________questionsbeforewe</p><p>begantheexperiment.</p><p>6and7.Ihadtomake___________dressforthepartybecauseIgave</p><p>___________onetomysister.</p><p>8.Hereis___________exampleoffineChineseart.</p><p>9.Louiemadetwooutofthefourgoalsscoredinthegame;Chrismade</p><p>10.Sincewedon’thavetimetotalktoday,wewilldoit___________day.</p><p>11.Wedon’tacceptthattheory.___________peopleconsideritavery</p><p>importantconcept.</p><p>12.Yourexperimentsareincomplete.Spend___________dayinthelaband</p><p>finishthem.</p><p>13.Someofthegirlswanttowearlongdressestotheparty;___________</p><p>prefershorterones.</p><p>14.OnMondays,Wednesdays,andFridayswehaveliteratureclass,buton</p><p>___________dayswehavescienceclass.</p><p>15.Somecountriesareworldfamousfortheirwines;___________arenot</p><p>sorenowned.</p><p>16.Ican’tgiveyouanappointmentfor___________time,becausethe</p><p>doctorwillbeonvacationfortwoweeks.</p><p>EXERCISE83</p><p>Ineachsentence,decidewhichoftheunderlineditemsisincorrect.</p><p>1.Oneshouldneverlendhiscartoarecklessdriveriftheywantitreturned</p><p>ingoodcondition.</p><p>A.never</p><p>B.his</p><p>C.theywant</p><p>D.returned</p><p>2.Talktoanyactorandtheywilltellyouthattheshowcannotgoon</p><p>withouthim.</p><p>A.any</p><p>B.they</p><p>C.you</p><p>D.goon</p><p>3.Manypeoplebecomestressedoutwhenfinancialproblemsarise,because</p><p>itcanleadtodepression.emotionalchanges.andarguments.</p><p>A.stressedout</p><p>B.arise</p><p>C.it</p><p>D.to</p><p>4.Silencereignedinthecourtroomasthejuryreturnedtogivetheirlong</p><p>deliberatedverdict.</p><p>A.Silence</p><p>B.asthejury</p><p>C.their</p><p>D.deliberated</p><p>5.BecausetheblousethatNancyhadboughtwastoobig,sheexchangedit</p><p>forotherone.</p><p>A.Because</p><p>B.bought</p><p>C.toobig</p><p>D.otherone</p><p>EXERCISE84</p><p>Selectthebestword(s)tocompletethesesentences.</p><p>1.Eachchildneedsaparentalconsentformsignedby______parents.</p><p>A.one’s</p><p>B.their</p><p>C.his</p><p>D.our</p><p>2.Mybrotherboughtanewcar.______isthemostbeautifulthingI’ve</p><p>everseen.</p><p>A.One</p><p>B.It</p><p>C.He</p><p>D.She</p><p>3.______dayasIwaswalkingdownthestreet,Isawanaccident.</p><p>A.Another</p><p>B.Other</p><p>C.Theother</p><p>D.Someother</p><p>4.ThedentistsaidthatJoelhadtwocavitiesandthatheneeded______</p><p>appointment.</p><p>A.other</p><p>B.another</p><p>C.theother</p><p>D.some</p><p>5.I’mfreeforlunchonThursday.Canwemeetthen?No,______daywill</p><p>bejustfine,butnotThursday.</p><p>A.anyother</p><p>B.other</p><p>C.theother</p><p>D.some</p><p>EXERCISE85</p><p>Selectthecorrectformofthepronoun.</p><p>1.Haveyouseen(any,some)ofTomCruise’smovieslately?</p><p>2.Ican’tmakeanappointmentfortomorrow,but(another,theother)day</p><p>willbefine.</p><p>3.Eachofthestudentsmustturninanexamwith(his,their)nameonit.</p><p>4.Somepeoplearehappywiththenewpresident;(others,anyothers)are</p><p>not.</p><p>5.Terrydoesn’tbelieveinUFOs.(Other,Another)people,however,</p><p>stronglybelieveinthem.</p><p>6.Everybookonhisdeskhas(its,their)ownspecialreferencenumber.</p><p>7.Philfoundtwoinlaidboxesandasword.(They,It)wereinanantique</p><p>store.</p><p>8.Bringthedocumentsto(him,he)onyourwaytotheofficethismorning.</p><p>9.Thecommitteesent(us,we)theletters,butwehaven’tansweredyet.</p><p>10.Eachofthefigurinescomeswith(its,their)owncertificateof</p><p>authenticity.</p><p>AdvancedGrammar</p><p>ESL</p><p>CHAPTER8</p><p>Adjectives</p><p>Chapter8</p><p>ADJECTIVES</p><p>ADJECTIVESENDINGIN-ly</p><p>Most words that end in -ly are adverbs and show the manner in which</p><p>something is done. However, those that have noun roots are adjectives.Most</p><p>adjectiveswithanounrootaddytoformtheadjective.</p><p>*Doublethefinalconsonantbeforeaddingy.</p><p>Othernounsaddlytoformtheadjective.Theseincludethefollowing:</p><p>Observe the following sentences. The underlined words cannot be made</p><p>intoadverbs.Youmustfindanotherwordorphrasetoformtheadverb.Ifthe-ly</p><p>wordprecedesanoun,thenitisanadjective.Ifthe-lywordprecedesaverbor</p><p>anadjective,thenitisanadverb.</p><p>Adjective:</p><p>HerqueenlyattiremadeElizabethIstandoutfromalltheother</p><p>womenpresent.</p><p>Adverb: Themagnificentlydressedqueenstoodoutfromalltheothers.</p><p>EXERCISE86</p><p>Replacetheunderlinedwordsinthesesentenceswithasynonymfromthe</p><p>list below. Look up any new vocabulary before you begin the exercise.</p><p>Thenrewritethewholesentence,usingthesynonym.</p><p>1.John’sghostlyappearancetoldeveryonethathewasasickman.</p><p>2.DespiteLou’spowerfulstrength,hewouldnotrenderbodilyharmto</p><p>anyone.</p><p>3.Inmanysciencefictionstories,earthlybeingslandonotherplanets.</p><p>4.Scientistsaretryingtofigureouthowheavenlybodieskeepfrom</p><p>colliding.</p><p>5.FatherPeyton’spriestlyrobeshelpedhimgainadmissiontomany</p><p>restrictedareas.</p><p>6.Del’sscholarlyappearancehelpedhimobtainthepartinthenew</p><p>documentary.</p><p>7.Theraccoon’snightlyraidsofthegarbagecansangeredtheneighbors.</p><p>8.Sue’stimelyentrancesavedmanyofusfromenduringalonglecture.</p><p>9.Mike’syearlyincomehasalreadysurpassed$50,000.</p><p>10.Mr.Corrigan’sfatherlyadviceenabledhissontobecomeabetter</p><p>student.</p><p>EXERCISE87</p><p>Replacetheunderlinedwordsinthesesentenceswithasynonymfromthe</p><p>list below. Look up any new vocabulary before you begin the exercise.</p><p>Thenrewritethewholesentence,usingthesynonym.</p><p>1.Mona’slovelysilkdresswasruinedwhenshespilledchocolatesyrupon</p><p>it.</p><p>2.Pam’sfriendlymanneropenedmanydoorsforher.</p><p>3.Mr.Stevenson’sorderlypresentationenabledhisstudentstolearnmore</p><p>quickly.</p><p>4.MotherTheresaofCalcuttawasaverysaintlyandunpretentiouswoman.</p><p>5.Thesoldier’scowardlybehaviorcausedhimtobecourt-martialedand</p><p>barredfromthemilitary.</p><p>6.HenryVIII’sworldlywaysappalledtheclergyoftheMiddleAges.</p><p>7.Thecostlyconstructionprojectattheuniversityreceivedthedisapproval</p><p>oftheboardofdirectors.</p><p>8.JoggingisanintegralpartofDr.Erbes’sdailyroutine.</p><p>9.FatherDamian’sbrotherlyloveledhimtoworkinalepercolonyuntil</p><p>he,too,diedofleprosy.</p><p>10.Mrs.Coleman’smotherlyaffectioncausedhertobelovedbyallthe</p><p>childrenintheneighborhood.</p><p>NOUNSASADJECTIVES</p><p>ManynounsinEnglishcanfunctionasadjectives.However,thedictionary</p><p>will list them only as nouns. Sometimes these “adjective-nouns” are also</p><p>accompanied by a number.Always use the singular form of the noun when it</p><p>modifiesanothernoun.</p><p>NOTE</p><p>NOTE</p><p>Alwaysuseahypheninthenumber-nouncombination.</p><p>Followthisformulaforwriting“adjective-nouns”:number-singular</p><p>nounasadjective+noun</p><p>Jerry’snewten-speedbicyclehelpshimmovequicklythroughtraffic.</p><p>Mymotherhasjustboughta50-piecesetofchina.</p><p>EXERCISE88</p><p>Rewriteeachsentence,usingnumbersand“adjective-nouns.”Eliminateall</p><p>unnecessarywords.</p><p>Example: Adam needs to buy six stamps worth twenty-five cents.</p><p>Adamneedstobuysixtwenty-five-centstamps.(nottwenty-</p><p>five-cents)</p><p>1.Ivanhasjustboughtastationwagonthathasfivedoors.</p><p>2.Mycousinlikesthatlovelygraypursewithfourcompartments.</p><p>3.Ournewcomputerhasaharddriveof9.6gigabytes.</p><p>4.Thereisanewtelevisioninthelobbythathasascreenthatis30inches</p><p>wide.</p><p>5.Sherrylikeshernewstereowithitsfourspeakers.</p><p>6.Whenwewentonvacation,wetookacoolerthathadacapacityof80</p><p>quarts.</p><p>7.TheEmpireStateBuildingisastructurewith92stories.</p><p>8.Can</p><p>youchangethisbillworth$20?</p><p>9.InourEnglishclasslastweek,wehadtowriteacompositionof250</p><p>words.</p><p>10.WetookatripacrossAmericathatlastedtenweeks.</p><p>11.TogettoGastoniafromhere,youneedtodriveforsixhours.</p><p>12.Angelawasveryupsetbecauseshehadspilledacanthatcontainedfive</p><p>gallonsofoliveoil.</p><p>13.Forherdress,Susieneedsthreeyardsofmaterialthatis60incheswide.</p><p>14.Tomhasjustboughtabedroomsetthathasfivepieces.</p><p>15.Evalivesinahousethathasagaragefortwocars.</p><p>16.Barbaramadeanewwintercoatwithfivebuttons.</p><p>17.Paul’snewbicyclehasfivespeeds.</p><p>18.Montyrepairscars,soheboughtatoolsetthatcontains125pieces.</p><p>19.Weneedanextensioncordthatisninefeetlong.</p><p>20.Mynewcamplightneedsabatterythathasninevolts.</p><p>EXERCISE89</p><p>Rewrite each sentence, using the [number + noun as adjective]</p><p>combination.</p><p>Example:Tony’sbicyclehastenspeeds.</p><p>Tonyhasaten-speedbicycle.</p><p>1.Thebatteryheneedsforhisradioisfourvolts.</p><p>2.Ourjourneythroughthemountainstooksixdays.</p><p>3.Ihaveonlytendollars.Canyouchangethisbill?</p><p>4.Mycousinhasjustboughtahouseonthreelevels.</p><p>5.Nancyjustboughtabathingsuitwhichcomesintwopieces.</p><p>6.Marcella’sapartmenthastenrooms.</p><p>7.Theteachersaidthateachmarginusedonthecompositionhadtobe</p><p>threeinches.</p><p>8.TheManleys’colortelevisionis19incheswide.</p><p>9.Harryjustboughtatoolsetthatcontains40tools.</p><p>10.Myfatherhasagascanthatholdsfivegallons.</p><p>11.Thatnewmodeltypewriterhas44keys.</p><p>12.Theflagkitcomeswithapolethatis17feetlong.</p><p>13.Mandyalwaysusestheplatterwiththethreetierswhensheentertains.</p><p>14.Thesalesmantriedtosellusadiningroomsetoffivepieces.</p><p>15.Mynewmicrowavehasatimerfor25minutes.</p><p>16.Susan’sjustboughtanewcoatmadeofminkwithtwogoldbuttons.</p><p>17.Petealwaysusesfilmthathasaspeedof800.</p><p>18.TheNelsonsnewcarhasfourdoors.</p><p>19.Whenthepresidentpassed,thesoldiersgavehimasaluteof21guns.</p><p>20.Veronicareceivedanewteasetthathas15pieces.</p><p>Sometimesthenumbersareeliminatedandjustthesingularnounisused</p><p>asanadjectivetomodifyanothernoun.</p><p>singularnounasadjective+noun</p><p>Ihaveadressmadeofsilk.</p><p>Ihaveasilkdress.</p><p>EXERCISE90</p><p>Changethesesentencestofollowthe[noun+noun]pattern.Eliminateall</p><p>prepositionalphrases.</p><p>Example:Kevinlikesgolfclubsmadeoftitanium.</p><p>Kevinlikestitaniumgolfclubs.</p><p>1.Ruthhasalotofjewelrymadeofgold.</p><p>2.Ilikeclothesofwoolforwinterbecausetheyarewarm.</p><p>3.Forpicnicswealwaysuseforksmadeofplastic.</p><p>4.Mymotherwantsacoatofminkforherbirthday.</p><p>5.Janeneverlikedflowersmadeofsilk.</p><p>6.Beverlyhasasetofchimesofbrass.</p><p>7.TheJapanesemakebeautifulflowersoutofpaper.</p><p>8.Nancyjustsewedaskirtoutoftaffeta.</p><p>9.TheJohnsonsliveinahousemadeofbricks.</p><p>10.Thehostessservedherelegantdinneronplatesofchina.</p><p>11.Cindylikeshernewredshoesmadeofeelskin.</p><p>12.Billy’snewartkithaslotsofcrayons.</p><p>13.Bernadettejustreceivedabriefcasemadeofleatherforherbirthday.</p><p>14.Bethisbuildingbookcasesmadeofwood.</p><p>15.Jeffneedsaframemadeofcopper.</p><p>16.Michelletriedonalovelydressmadeofsilk.</p><p>17.Pamprefersclothesmadeofrayon.</p><p>18.Thechildrenlovetoplayinahouseinthetree.</p><p>19.TheGilbertfamilyjustbuiltapatiomadeofstone.</p><p>20.Cherylgotaringofdiamondsforherbirthday.</p><p>EXERCISE91:WRITING</p><p>Change thefollowing to fit the [nounasadjective+noun]pattern.Write</p><p>onegoodsentencewitheach.</p><p>1.creamforcoffee</p><p>2.soupofvegetables</p><p>3.saladoffruit</p><p>4.watchforthewrist</p><p>5.lampforadesk</p><p>6.cameratotakemovies</p><p>7.coversforyourbooks</p><p>8.factorythatmakesdresses</p><p>9.glovesmadeofleather</p><p>10.ashirtmadeofcotton</p><p>11.atreeforChristmas</p><p>12.bagforshopping</p><p>13.analbumofphotos</p><p>14.labforchemistryexperiments</p><p>15.vacationinthesummer</p><p>16.windowofstainedglass</p><p>17.ticketforthetrain</p><p>18.stationforbuses</p><p>19.platesmadeofpaper</p><p>20.creamforthehands</p><p>PARTICIPLESASADJECTIVES</p><p>Participles,whetherpresentorpast,canfunctionasadjectivesinasentence.</p><p>Itisoftendifficultfornon-nativespeakerstodecidewhethertousethe[verb+-</p><p>ing]formorthe[verb+-ed]formwhentheyarewritingorspeaking.</p><p>Asageneral rule, use the [V+ -ing] formwhen the nounperformsor is</p><p>responsiblefortheactiondescribedbytheadjective.</p><p>Thecryingbabywasquietedbyhermother.</p><p>(Thebabywascrying.)</p><p>Thetiringjourneythroughthemountainsseemedendless.</p><p>(Thejourneywastiringthosewhoweretraveling.)</p><p>LastFridaynightweattendedanexcitingplay.</p><p>(Theplayexcitedus.)</p><p>Ontheotherhand,whenthenounmodifiedbytheadjectiveisthereceiver</p><p>ofthataction,usethepastparticiple.</p><p>The irritated passengers complained to the captain. (Something or</p><p>someonecaused thepassengers tobe irritated.Theydidnotcause the</p><p>action.)</p><p>Afterwinningthegrandprize,theshockedcontestantjuststoodthere,not</p><p>knowingwhattosayordo.(Winningshockedthecontestant.)</p><p>Afterdevouringitsprey,thesatisfiedlionlayunderashadytreetotakea</p><p>nap.(Eatingsatisfiedthelion.)</p><p>Theboringteacherlefttheroom.(Theteacherisresponsibleforboringthe</p><p>students.)</p><p>Thebored teacherleft theroom.(Someoneorsomethingwasresponsible</p><p>forherleaving.)</p><p>EXERCISE92</p><p>Circlethecorrectformoftheparticiple(pastorpresent)foreachsentence.</p><p>1.Aftertheonslaught,the(raided,raiding)villagetriedtocleanupthe</p><p>debris.</p><p>2.Despitealongdelay,our(requested,requesting)materialsfinallyarrived.</p><p>3.Thekindergartenteacherreadan(interested,interesting)storytoher</p><p>students.</p><p>4.Oncethecolonistswere(settled,settling),theybegantoorganizeanew</p><p>government.</p><p>5.Thenewly(explored,exploring)territorywasnamed“Louisiana”in</p><p>honorofKingLouisofFrance.</p><p>6.The(paid,paying)billwasfiledaway.</p><p>7.Unfortunately,itisuptothe(worked,working)classtosupportthepoor.</p><p>8.Afteracarefulinvestigation,the(stolen,stealing)propertywasreturned</p><p>toitsowners.</p><p>9.Thedayofthe(dreaded,dreading)examhadfinallyarrived,causing</p><p>muchanxiety.</p><p>10.The(escaped,escaping)refugeesmanagedtoreachsafetybeforethey</p><p>hadbeenmissed.</p><p>11.The(hated,hating)emperorwasviolentlyattackedbythepeasants.</p><p>12.Maria’s(missed,missing)locketwasfinallyfoundinhersister’sdrawer.</p><p>13.The(planned,planning)committeehasunanimouslyapprovedthe</p><p>company’sproposal.</p><p>14.The(postponed,postponing)concertwasrescheduledforthefollowing</p><p>week.</p><p>15.Allofthe(wandered,wandering)hikerswerefoundingoodhealth,not</p><p>toofarfromtheirwreckedplane.</p><p>16.Carlos’s(fought,fighting)spirithasenabledhimtosurviveinthis</p><p>uncaringsociety.</p><p>17.SenatorHawthorneaddressedthecollege(graduated,graduating)class.</p><p>18.The(frozen,freezing)temperaturesduringtheholidayswipedoutthe</p><p>citruscrop.</p><p>19.BecauseNellhadnokeys,itwasimpossibleforustogetthroughthe</p><p>(locked,locking)doors.</p><p>20.Thepoliceaskedallthe(invited,inviting)gueststoremainseateduntilthe</p><p>investigationhadbeencompleted.</p><p>EXERCISE93</p><p>Selectthecorrectparticipleineachsentence.</p><p>1.Dane’s(admiring,admired)glancesreassuredNathaliethatshewas</p><p>doingagoodjob.</p><p>2.Thepoliceofficertriedtoresolvetheproblemscreatedbythewitnesses’</p><p>(conflicting,conflicted)reports.</p><p>3.Theoddly(shaping,shaped)brightballintheskycausedgreatconcern</p><p>amongthetownspeople.</p><p>4.The(warping,warped)doorwasdifficulttopryopen.</p><p>5.Therewasalovely(climbing,climbed)rosebushoutsidemybedroom</p><p>window.</p><p>6.Thesudden(rising,risen)temperaturesmadeeveryoneattheballgame</p><p>veryuncomfortable.</p><p>7.Theteacher’s(questioning,</p><p>questioned)lookletChuckknowthatshedid</p><p>notbelievehisexcuseforbeinglate.</p><p>8.Aneatly(lettering,lettered)signwasplacedinthewindowofthe</p><p>drugstore.</p><p>9.The(simmering,simmered)stewsentapleasantaromathroughoutthe</p><p>house.</p><p>10.MonaLisa’s(smiling,smiled)faceisknownthroughouttheworld.</p><p>11.A(speeding,sped)truckoverturnedontheturnpike,causinga</p><p>monumentaltrafficjam.</p><p>12.The(enveloping,enveloped)fogalongthecoastpreventedtheaircraft</p><p>fromlanding.</p><p>13.NewYork’s(littering,littered)streetsappearunsightlytoourforeign</p><p>visitors.</p><p>14.Tonychasedthe(bouncing,bounced)balldownthestreet.</p><p>15.The(crushing,crushed)flowerfelllimplytothefloor.</p><p>16.Allofthegymnastsrelaxedforanhourafterparticipatinginthe</p><p>(exhausting,exhausted)exercises.</p><p>17.The(opening,opened)envelopelayonthetable.</p><p>18.Monica’s(whining,whined)childwasupsettingeveryonewhowas</p><p>waitinginthedoctor'soffice.</p><p>19.The(returning,returned)letterdidnotbearenoughpostage.</p><p>20.Cleveland’s(polluting,polluted)riverhasbeenthesourceofconcern</p><p>amongitscitizensformanyyears.</p><p>COMPARISONSOFADJECTIVES</p><p>DoubleComparisons</p><p>There are severalways of expressing double comparisons.With this type</p><p>thereisacomparisonforminthemainclauseaswellasinthedependentclause.</p><p>Themainclausealwayscomesfirst inthesentence.Bothclausesusetheword</p><p>the,acomparison,asubject,andaverb.</p><p>THE+comparative+S+V,+thecomparative+S+V</p><p>Theolderyouget,thesloweryoumove.</p><p>Thelongerwewait,themoretiredIget.</p><p>ThefasterIread,themoreinterestedIbecome.</p><p>EXERCISE94</p><p>EXERCISE94</p><p>Finishthedoublecomparisons.</p><p>1.Thefasteryoudrive,the______________________________.</p><p>2.Thehardertheplayerhittheball,the________________.</p><p>3.Thehigherthesunrose,the___________________________.</p><p>4.Thesooneryoufinishyourjob,the____________________.</p><p>5.ThelongerRayleftthephotopaperinthedeveloper,the</p><p>______________________________.</p><p>6.Thelargerthecarengine,the__________________________.</p><p>7.Thehigherthetemperature,the_________________________.</p><p>8.Thedarkertheskybecame,the__________________________.</p><p>9.Thenearerwecametomymother-in-law’shouse,the</p><p>______________________________.</p><p>10.Thefartheryoulivefromme,the______________________.</p><p>Otherdoublecomparisonsalwaysuse themore as thecomparative in the</p><p>mainclause.</p><p>THEMORE+S+V+[THE+comparative]+S+V</p><p>Themoretoysthechildrensee,themoretheywant.</p><p>Themoreyouwaterthegrass,thetalleritwillgrow.</p><p>Themorethatdogeats,thefatteritgets.</p><p>NOTE</p><p>Therearealsosomeshorteridiomaticexpressionsthatusethedouble</p><p>comparatives.</p><p>Themore,themerrier.</p><p>Thesooner,thebetter.</p><p>MultipleComparisons</p><p>Comparisonscanalsobeexpressedinmultiplestoindicateamuchgreater</p><p>orlesseramountofdifference.Thesecanincludefractionsandwholenumbers</p><p>(one-half,one-third,one-tenth).</p><p>MexicoCityhasapproximatelythreetimesasmanypeopleasTokyo.</p><p>In the French classes there are one-quarter asmany students as in the</p><p>Spanishclasses.</p><p>TheDavidsonsearnfourtimesasmuchmoneyastheDuricas.</p><p>Otherratingsorfractionscanbecalculatedasthefollowing:</p><p>100percentmoreorless</p><p>two-thirdsmoreorless</p><p>fourtimesasmuch/manyas</p><p>muchmore/lessthan</p><p>one-thirdasmuch/manyas</p><p>twiceasmuch/manyas</p><p>double,tripletheamount</p><p>EXERCISE95</p><p>How good is your math? Look at the information in each sentence and</p><p>writeanappropriatecomparison.</p><p>1.StudentsinCostaRicastudy40hoursperweek.StudentsintheUnited</p><p>Statesstudy30hours.</p><p>2.Itis90degreesinPhoenixand45degreesinButte.</p><p>3.Nevadawasaterritoryforonly3yearswhenitwasadmittedtothe</p><p>UnitedStatesasastate.Washingtonstatewasaterritoryfor36years.</p><p>4.Peruhas20nationalpublicholidays.TheUnitedStateshasabout10.</p><p>5.EnglandandWalesproduceabout56majorproducts,whiletheFalkland</p><p>Islandsproduceabout7.</p><p>6.Ontheforeignmarket,theexchangerateis12,570Turkishpoundsper</p><p>Americandollar.InIndonesiaitis2,095rupiahsperdollar.</p><p>7.ThecontinentofAfricahasanareaofabout11,850,000squaremiles.</p><p>Icelandhasabout39,709.</p><p>8.Thediameteroftheearthisabout7,927miles.Thatofthemoonis2,160.</p><p>9.TheNileRiverisapproximately4,149mileslong.TheSnakeRiverin</p><p>Idahois1,038mileslong.</p><p>10.TheAnapuruaMountains,inNepal,are26,492feetabovesealevel.</p><p>MountMitchellinNorthCarolinaisat6,684feet.</p><p>IdiomaticExpressionswithComparisons</p><p>InEnglishtherearemanycommonexpressionsthatusecomparisons.Tell</p><p>whether the following are equal or unequal comparisons. Because most are</p><p>idiomatic expressions, look up their meaning in the dictionary.Most are also</p><p>clichés (overworked expressions), and you should avoid using them in formal</p><p>writing.</p><p>lightasafeather dumbasanox</p><p>neatasapin oldasthehills(dirt)</p><p>theweathertookaturnfortheworse skinnyasarail</p><p>higherthanakite(slang) smoothassilk</p><p>nuttierthanafruitcake(slang) toughasnails(person)</p><p>wiseasanowl toughasshoeleather(food)</p><p>EXERCISE96</p><p>Usingadictionary,completethecomparisons.</p><p>1.Crazyasa_______________</p><p>2.Hungryasa______________</p><p>3.Nosoonersaidthan______</p><p>4.Prettyasa______________</p><p>5.Hardasa________________</p><p>6.Thenoisieryouare,___________itisformetohearyou.</p><p>7.Wildasthe______________</p><p>8.Betterlatethan_________</p><p>9.Asplainas______________</p><p>10.Asquickasa__________</p><p>11.Bettersafethan_______</p><p>12.thesooner_____________</p><p>13.thebigger_____________</p><p>14.asstubbornasa_______</p><p>15.aswhiteasa__________</p><p>16.asredasa____________</p><p>17.assharpasa__________</p><p>18.asbusyasa___________</p><p>19.wiseasan_____________</p><p>20.asstrongasan________</p><p>IllogicalComparisons</p><p>Comparisons need to focus on the same elements. When they focus on</p><p>different elements, they are illogical.Often these illogical comparisons can be</p><p>correctedbyusingapossessiveformortheexpressionthatoforthoseof.</p><p>INCORRECT: Linda’sweddingdressismoreelegantthanJanet.</p><p>(comparisonofadressandJanet)</p><p>CORRECT: Linda’sweddingdressismoreelegantthanJanet’s.</p><p>(thanthatofJanet)(comparisonoftwodresses)</p><p>INCORRECT: Badr’scarismoreexpensivethanhiswife.</p><p>(comparisonofacarandawife)</p><p>CORRECT: Badr’scarismoreexpensivethanhiswife’s.</p><p>(thanthatofhiswife)(comparisonoftwocars)</p><p>Ifyoumentallyextendthecomparison—Janet’sdress,thatofhiswife(his</p><p>wife’s)—youwillseetheneedforthepossessiveorthethat/thoseofforms.</p><p>EXERCISE97</p><p>Correcttheillogicalcomparisonineachsentence.</p><p>Example:Thedirector’ssalaryishigherthanhissecretary.</p><p>The director’s salary is higher than his secretary’s</p><p>(secretary’ssalary).</p><p>1.Pharmacists’jobsaredifferentfromelectricians.</p><p>2.Chicago’stemperaturesarelowerthanFlorida.</p><p>3.Susana’scoatisprettierthanRosa.</p><p>4.Chestnut’ssuppliesaremoreexpensivethanKmart.</p><p>5.Eric’ssportscarisfasterthanDavid.</p><p>6.Connie’sexamwasmoredifficultthanhersister.</p><p>7.Ralph’snewCorvettecostmorethanhisuncle.</p><p>8.Painters’livesaremorediversifiedthanteachers.</p><p>9.Musicians’practicesessionsarelongerthandancers.</p><p>10.Theuniversity’sfacultyismoreexperiencedthanthecollege.</p><p>OtherComparisonsandExpressions</p><p>Othercomparisonshavedifferentforms.Youmustlearnthemassuch.</p><p>Wordsdealingwithsocialclasses</p><p>high-class=veryelegant,relatedtothehighestlevelofsociety</p><p>low-class=insomecases,notacceptabletaste</p><p>upper-class,middle-class,lower-class</p><p>Miscellaneousexpressions</p><p>upperdivision,lowerdivision</p><p>uppertorso,lowertorso</p><p>uppermanagement,midlevelmanagement</p><p>high-payingjob</p><p>high-water,low-water</p><p>abovewater,underwater</p><p>abovesealevel,belowsealevel</p><p>high-rent,low-rentdistrict</p><p>highlythoughtof(renown)</p><p>high-rankinggovernmentofficial</p><p>overall</p><p>overrated,underrated</p><p>overcoat,underwear</p><p>Ratingsofachievementinschooloratwork</p><p>aboveaverage,average,belowaverage</p><p>overachiever,underachiever</p><p>SEQUENCEOFADJECTIVESASNOUN</p><p>MODIFIERS</p><p>ManyadjectivesinEnglishprecedethewordsthattheymodify.Theyalso</p><p>mayfollowthenouns,butthentheyareusuallysetoffbycommas.</p><p>Thepinetree,twistedandknotty,wasbendinginthebreeze.</p><p>Thetwistedandknottypinetreewasbendinginthebreeze.</p><p>Our dogwoods, delicate and attractive, added a touch of elegance to our</p><p>surroundings.</p><p>Our delicate and attractive dogwoods added a touch of elegance to our</p><p>surroundings.</p><p>When two adjectives precede a noun and can be interchanged without</p><p>alteringthemeaning,orthewordandcanbeinsertedbetweenthem,thefirstis</p><p>setoffbyacomma.</p><p>Thearid,hotdesertclimatemadeiteasytodryourlaundry.</p><p>Thearidandhotdesertclimatemadeiteasytodryourlaundry.</p><p>Noticethedifferenceinthesesentences:</p><p>Millie’sdarkgreensuitaccentuatedherlovely,longhair.</p><p>Mynewwintercoathaslong,narrowbuttonholes.</p><p>Itwouldbewrongtotrytosaydarkandgreenandnewandwinterinthe</p><p>sentences.</p><p>Adjectives fit into two basic categories: limiting and descriptive. The</p><p>former consists of articles, possessives, quantities, and numbers. The latter</p><p>includes all other adjectives, such as those dealing with size, shape, color,</p><p>material,quality,andtexture.</p><p>Whenyouuseaseriesofadjectivestodescribethesamenoun,thereisaset</p><p>patternforwhichadjectivecomesfirstandwhichfollowsthat,andwhatcomes</p><p>next.Hereareseveralexamplesthatarecategorizedinthechartonthefollowing</p><p>page:</p><p>abig,brightbluecircularaluminumobject</p><p>thesmallpicturesquefarmingvillage</p><p>aprivatelyownedJapanesetapestrymuseum</p><p>SEQUENCEOFADJECTIVESASNOUNMODIFIERS</p><p>InEnglish,whenaseriesofadjectivesareusedtodescribethesamenoun,</p><p>theyareplacedinasetpatternforwhichadjectivecomesfirst,which</p><p>followsthat,andwhatcomesnext.Thedescriptivepropertiesinthistable</p><p>areplacedintheorderinwhichtheynormallyappearinEnglish.Youcan</p><p>usethischarttodecidebycategorywhatthewordordershouldbeina</p><p>sentence.</p><p>EXERCISE98</p><p>Categorizeeachword.</p><p>Example:Methodist> religion octagonal> form deep ></p><p>intensity</p><p>1.false</p><p>2.satin</p><p>3.purple</p><p>4.narrow</p><p>5.copper</p><p>6.their</p><p>7.twenty</p><p>8.oval</p><p>9.spiral</p><p>10.pine</p><p>11.young</p><p>12.horseshoe</p><p>13.convex</p><p>14.rough</p><p>15.happy</p><p>16.fuzzy</p><p>17.tangerine</p><p>18.vast</p><p>19.our</p><p>20.wide</p><p>21.dwarfish</p><p>22.oblong</p><p>23.curved</p><p>24.interior</p><p>25.shallow</p><p>26.antiquated</p><p>27.billowy</p><p>28.turquoise</p><p>29.imaginative</p><p>30.responsible</p><p>31.mechanical</p><p>EXERCISE99:Writing</p><p>Combine threeor fourof the following, and add a subject and averb to</p><p>completethesentence.Writethreesentences.</p><p>Example:Iboughtalargeopaqueporcelainvase.</p><p>Harveylovestomakecarvedminiaturestatues.</p><p>EXERCISE100</p><p>Unscramblethewordgroupssothattheadjectivesfollowthesequenceset</p><p>upontheprecedingpages.Thenountobedescribedisthefirstword.</p><p>1.Dress:elegantthesatinlongred</p><p>2.Ball:bigtheroundboy’sbeach</p><p>3.Ring:smallovalbrightadiamond</p><p>4.Car:bluesleeksportsnewRita’s</p><p>5.Nights:wintercoldmanyDecember’slong</p><p>6.Bears:littlefatkoalafifteenfurry</p><p>7.Feathers:ostrichbigwhitetwo</p><p>8.Tomatoes:fiveredriperound</p><p>9.Chair:largecomfortableaoldsoft</p><p>10.Handle:ruby-encrusteddelicatelongthe</p><p>EXERCISE101</p><p>Ineachsentence,decidewhichunderlineditemisincorrect.</p><p>1.ThespynovelIamreadingismuchmoreexcitingthanmysister.</p><p>A.The</p><p>B.amreading</p><p>C.muchmore</p><p>D.mysister</p><p>2.Theproductyouboughtatthelowerpriceisthemoreinferiortotheone</p><p>wesellataslightlyhigherprice.</p><p>A.bought</p><p>B.themore</p><p>C.theone</p><p>D.slightly</p><p>3.Thecarpenterismakingacabinetofwoodthatwilltakesixweeksor</p><p>moretocomplete.</p><p>A.ismaking</p><p>B.cabinetofwood</p><p>C.take</p><p>D.more</p><p>4.Lucaswonascholarshipforathleticsthatwillpayforfouryearsofstudy</p><p>aswellashistuition.</p><p>A.ascholarshipforathletics</p><p>B.will</p><p>C.years</p><p>D.aswellas</p><p>5.Manyshiveredsoldiersstoodinlinewaitingforsomehotfoodtoeat.</p><p>A.shivered</p><p>B.in</p><p>C.waiting</p><p>D.toeat</p><p>6.Thenewlydevelopingplanwouldbepresentedtothecommitteebefore</p><p>theendofJune.</p><p>A.newly</p><p>B.developing</p><p>C.would</p><p>D.before</p><p>7.AthoroughbredracehorseisusuallyexpensiverthanaEuropeansports</p><p>car.</p><p>A.race</p><p>B.usually</p><p>C.expensiver</p><p>D.sports</p><p>8.Thesooneryoufinishyourassignment,morequicklywe’llbeableto</p><p>leavetown.</p><p>A.Thesooner</p><p>B.your</p><p>C.morequickly</p><p>D.toleave</p><p>9.Markwonthegrantbecausehisgradesarehigherthanaverageinhis</p><p>academicfield.</p><p>A.won</p><p>B.because</p><p>C.higherthanaverage</p><p>D.academic</p><p>10.Marcy’snewshoescosthertwicemorethanminecostme.</p><p>A.new</p><p>B.her</p><p>C.morethan</p><p>D.mine</p><p>EXERCISE102</p><p>BeloweachsentenceyouwillseeanswersmarkedA,B,C,andD.Select</p><p>theoneanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.</p><p>1.Inthepast,tennisusedtobethesportofthe_____class,butthatis</p><p>changing.</p><p>A.higher</p><p>B.superior</p><p>C.upper</p><p>D.midupper</p><p>2.Veniceisoneof_____citiesinEurope.</p><p>A.morebeautiful</p><p>B.themorebeautiful</p><p>C.mostbeautiful</p><p>D.themostbeautiful</p><p>3.Theteamplayed_____gameofhockeythatthecoachwaspleased.</p><p>A.better</p><p>B.muchbetter</p><p>C.sogood</p><p>D.suchagood</p><p>4.Allofyourgradesare_____average.I’mproudofyou.</p><p>A.above</p><p>B.over</p><p>C.super</p><p>Dontopof</p><p>5.Becausethefreezingtemperaturesdestroyedmuchofthecitruscrop,the</p><p>pricesare_____.</p><p>A.double</p><p>B.twotimesmore</p><p>C.uptwotimes</p><p>D.twicemore</p><p>6._____peopleinAmericaliketoobserveaswellasparticipateinsports.</p><p>A.Almost</p><p>B.Most</p><p>C.Much</p><p>D.Toomuch</p><p>AdvancedGrammar</p><p>ESL</p><p>CHAPTER9</p><p>Conjunctions</p><p>Chapter9</p><p>CONJUNCTIONS</p><p>Correlativeconjunctionsusuallycomeinpairsandjoinlikeelements.Be</p><p>sure that they are placed directly before the words representing the two like</p><p>elements.</p><p>both—and notonly—butalso</p><p>either—or whether—or</p><p>neither—nor</p><p>Larryisagiftedmusicianwhoplaysboththepianoandthesaxophone.</p><p>ManymoviestarshavehousesnotonlyinCaliforniabutalsoinNewYork.</p><p>Whetheryougotothepartyoryoustayhomeisyourdecision.</p><p>NOTE</p><p>Becarefultoplacetheseconjunctionsdirectlybeforethetwolike</p><p>elements.</p><p>Whiletheconjunctionaswellasisnotpartofapair,itdoesjointwolike</p><p>elements. Notice that it does not influence the verb in terms of singular and</p><p>plural.</p><p>Nancy,aswellasherfamily,supportsthenewproposal.</p><p>Teachers,aswellasstudents,plantovisittheDaliMuseum</p><p>If,however,youusedtheconjunctionandinsteadofaswellas,eachwould</p><p>haveapluralverb.</p><p>Nancyandherfamilysupportthenewproposal.</p><p>TeachersandstudentsplantovisittheDaliMuseum.</p><p>Rememberthatwhateversubjectfollowsorornorwilldeterminewhether</p><p>theverbissingularorplural.</p><p>EitherSandyorherbrothersdrivetoschoolinthemorning.</p><p>NeithertheJohnsonsnortheirsonhasaccesstothetrust.</p><p>However,thesubjectfollowingaswellasandincludingdoesnotdetermine</p><p>theverb. It is the subject that comesbefore the conjunctions that does. If you</p><p>covertheclauseandworkwithwhateverisleftofthesentence,thenyouwon’t</p><p>haveanyproblemswithsubject/verbagreement.</p><p>Thepriceofthefurniture,includingthetelevisionandsofa,is$500.</p><p>Thecollegepresident,aswellasthedeans,isaccountabletotheboardof</p><p>trustees.</p><p>Relative conjunctions introduce clauses that relate to something or</p><p>someone previously mentioned. These will be studied more in detail in the</p><p>section“Clauses.”Thefollowingarerelative</p><p>conjunctions.</p><p>that which whichever</p><p>who whoever</p><p>whom whomever whose</p><p>EXERCISE103</p><p>Correct each sentence so that the correlative conjunction is in the right</p><p>placeorsothatthesubjectandverbagree.</p><p>Example:Bennotonlyplaystheguitarbutalsotheflute.</p><p>Ben plays not only the guitar but also the flute. (two</p><p>instruments)</p><p>Example:Eitherthesoldiersorthecaptainpreparetomarchagainstthe</p><p>enemy.</p><p>Either thesoldiersor thecaptainprepares tomarchagainst</p><p>theenemy.</p><p>(agreeswiththesubjectclosertotheverb)</p><p>1.BothAnnikaandTaraiscousins.</p><p>2.Neithertheboysnortheirsisterareplanningacareerinmedicine.</p><p>3.Thebandmembers,aswellasthedirector,goesontournextmonth.</p><p>4.Wenotonlyhavecardsforbaseballbutalsoforfootballplayers.</p><p>5.EitherFriday’sconcertorSaturday’sarefinewithme.</p><p>6.WeareplanningnotonlytogotoSwitzerland,butalsotoAustria.</p><p>7.John,aswellashisfriends,hopetobeprofessionalwriterssomeday.</p><p>8.Neitherfatsnorsweetsispartofagood,healthydiet.</p><p>9.Thebride’selegantbouquetnotonlywasfilledwithgardenias,butalso</p><p>lilies.</p><p>10.Theguests,includingthepresident,payscomplimentstothehostess.</p><p>11.Ibothwanttobuythestereoandthecabinet.</p><p>12.Neitherthehousenorthedoorshastobepainted.</p><p>13.Theflowers,aswellastheoaktree,isgrowingwellafterthestorm.</p><p>14.Thegovernmentbothhasthepowerandtheauthoritytoraisetaxes.</p><p>15.Boththeplaneandthepilotislandingsafely.</p><p>AdvancedGrammar</p><p>ESL</p><p>CHAPTER10</p><p>Verbs</p><p>Chapter10</p><p>VERBS</p><p>PERFECTTENSES</p><p>Toindicatetheperfecttenses,usehave,has,orhadandthepastparticiple.</p><p>Thesetensespast,present,andfutureshowthecompletion(ornon-completion)</p><p>of an action in relation to another action or in relation to a time period or</p><p>deadline. When you use the present perfect, you deal with now (up to this</p><p>moment)asthedeadlineandtheactionhasorhasnotalreadytakenplace.</p><p>Thepresentperfectisusedforthefollowing:</p><p>1.Anactionthattookplaceatsomeindefinitetimeinthepast:</p><p>We have already seen that movie. (Sometime in the past in</p><p>relationtonow,thatactiontookplace.)</p><p>Hehaswashedhishandsandisreadytoeat.(Thehandwashing</p><p>tookplaceatatimebeforenow.)</p><p>2.Anactionthathappenedmorethanonceinthepast:</p><p>IhavevisitedMexicosixtimes.</p><p>Nancyhaswrittendozensofletters.</p><p>3. An action that began sometime in the past and continues up to this</p><p>moment:</p><p>Danielhasstudiedheresince1992.(Hestillstudieshere.)</p><p>Alanhas lived in that apartment forsixmonths. (He still lives</p><p>there.)</p><p>Usethefollowingwordorderwiththepresentperfecttense:</p><p>EXERCISE104</p><p>Eachofthefollowinghastakenplaceatsomeindefinitetime.Asyoulook</p><p>atthesentences,relatethemtonow.Answereachintheaffirmativeandin</p><p>thenegative.</p><p>1.Hasthechilddrunkhismilk?</p><p>Yes,________________________________________________.</p><p>No,________________________________________________.</p><p>2.HasMarysoldherhouse?</p><p>Yes,________________________________________________.</p><p>No,________________________________________________.</p><p>3.Havethedirectorsthoughtaboutasolutiontotheproblem?</p><p>Yes,_______________________________________________.</p><p>No,________________________________________________.</p><p>4.Haveallofyouspokentotheteacher?</p><p>Yes,_______________________________________________.</p><p>No,________________________________________________.</p><p>5.Charles,haveyouwornyournewshirt?</p><p>Yes,_______________________________________________.</p><p>No,________________________________________________.</p><p>6.HaveIdoneagoodjobonthepresentation?</p><p>Yes,_______________________________________________.</p><p>No,________________________________________________.</p><p>EXERCISE105</p><p>Finisheachsentence,usingthesameverbasinthefirstpart.Assumethat</p><p>the events follow a normal, habitual pattern and you are relating these</p><p>eventstotodayandwhathas(not)takenplaceuptothismoment.</p><p>Example:Sallydoesherhomeworkatnight.It’s3:00p.m.andshehas</p><p>notdoneityet.</p><p>Matttakestwovitaminseverymorning.TodayisWednesday</p><p>(afternoon), and he has taken eight vitamins so far this</p><p>week.(numberofvitamins)</p><p>1.Ieatbreakfastat9:00everyday.It’snow8:00andI</p><p>___________________yet.</p><p>2.ItsnowsalotinFebruary.It’sMay10andit___________________</p><p>since___________________.</p><p>3.Markworksfrom8:00to5:00,MondaythroughFriday.Itis2:00on</p><p>Thursday,andMark___________________already</p><p>___________________hours.(includethenumberofhours)</p><p>4.Peggytypes20letterseveryday,MondaytoFriday,8:00to5:00.Itis</p><p>5:00Friday,andPeggy___________________letters.(numberof</p><p>letters)</p><p>5.Mrs.Jonesgivesherstudentsmanytests.Thissemestershe</p><p>___________________already___________________twelvetests.</p><p>6.Mybillsaredueonthe28thofthemonth,andIpaythemonthedueday.</p><p>Todayisthe20th,andI___________________yet.</p><p>7.PhilvisitsMexicoonceeveryyear.Inthepastfiveyearshe</p><p>___________________fivetimes.</p><p>8.Ireceivefivelettersfrommyfamilyandfriendseveryweek.ThisweekI</p><p>___________________letters.(numberoflettersalso)</p><p>EXERCISE106</p><p>Answerthefollowingquestions,usingcompletesentences.</p><p>1.HaveyouevertraveledtotheGrandCanyon?</p><p>2.Hasyourfamilyevereatensushi?</p><p>3.HaveyourfriendsbeentoanAmericanbaseballgame?</p><p>4.HaveyourfriendsvisitedtheVanGoghexhibitatthemuseum?</p><p>5.Hastheplanearrivedattheairportyet?</p><p>6.Hasyourbestfriendeverplayedatrickonyou?</p><p>7.HaveyourteachershelpedyouwithyourproblemswithEnglish?</p><p>8.Howmanyexamshaveyoutakenthisweek?</p><p>9.WhatnewfoodshaveyoureatenhereinAmerica?</p><p>10.HaveyoutoldyourparentsaboutyouradventuresinAmerica?</p><p>PASTANDPRESENTPERFECT</p><p>Since1985,IhavereadmanybooksontheAztecs.</p><p>SIMPLEPASTANDPRESENTPERFECT</p><p>Singlepastdefinite</p><p>time Iparkedinthefacultylotyesterdaymorning.</p><p>Indefinite,morethan</p><p>once</p><p>Ihaveparkedinthefacultylotonlyfourtimes</p><p>thismonth.</p><p>Singlepastdefinite</p><p>time ItsnowedalotinClevelandinFebruary.</p><p>Indefinite,morethan</p><p>once</p><p>IthassnowedfifteentimessinceFebruary.</p><p>Periodinthepast Ihatedsnowasachild!</p><p>Actionbeguninpast Ihavehatedsnowfortwentyyears!</p><p>Onedefinitetime Raysangintheshowerlastnight.</p><p>Repeatedindefinite</p><p>action Rayhassungthatsamesongoverandoveragain.</p><p>Comparethefollowingsetsofsentences.</p><p>♦ TheDavisfamilylivedinOrlandoforsixyears,andthentheymovedto</p><p>St.Augustine.(TheynolongerliveinOrlando.)</p><p>TheDavis familyhas lived inSt.Augustineforsixyears. (Thefamilystill</p><p>livesthere.)</p><p>♦ Martywrotefiveletterslastweek.(onedefinitetime,finishedaction)</p><p>Sofar thisweek,Martyhaswritten ten letters. (Hemaywritemorebefore</p><p>theendoftheweek.)</p><p>♦ Itrainedhardlastnight.(onecompletedpastevent)</p><p>Ithasrainedhardfivenightsthisweek.(Itmayrainagainthisweek.)</p><p>♦ WeworkedlateFridaynight.(onecompletedaction)</p><p>Wehaveworked lateeverynightthisweek.(Wemaycontinuetoworklate</p><p>everynight.)</p><p>♦ Ipaid$25forlastSaturday’sconcertticket.Thatwastoomuchmoney!</p><p>(oneevent)</p><p>Ihavepaid$25forallmyconcerttickets.(Istillampaying$25perticket.)</p><p>EXERCISE107</p><p>EXERCISE107</p><p>Writethecorrectformoftheverb.</p><p>1.He(wrote,havewritten)theexercisemanytimesbeforeturningitin.</p><p>2.Mark(wore,hasworn)hisnewsuittothepartylastnight.</p><p>3.Noone(thought,hasthought)itwouldrainyesterday.</p><p>4.Larry(read,hasread)eachoftheHarryPotterbooksthisyear.</p><p>5.Paul(quit,hasquit)smokingsincehisheartattack.</p><p>6.WhileNealwascuttingthebread,he(hurt,hashurt)hisfinger.</p><p>7.Lastsummerwe(took,havetaken)atriptotheGreat</p><p>SmokyMountains.</p><p>8.We(waited,havewaited)since2000tovisitmyfamilyinChina.</p><p>9.Thesun(set,hasset)earliereverynightthissummer.</p><p>10.Noone(saw,hasseen)thenewMelGibsonmovieyet.</p><p>11.Luis(finallyreceived,hasfinallyreceived)histaxrefundlastTuesday.</p><p>12.Afterherdeath,MotherTheresa(left,hasleft)usawonderfullegacy.</p><p>13.José(danced,hasdanced)verywell.Didyouseehimglideacrossthe</p><p>room?</p><p>14.Hugo(ran,hasrun)fivemileseverymorninglastsummer.</p><p>15.Thewind(blew,hasblown)sohardlastnightthatourawningcameoff.</p><p>16.Bart(sang,hassung)inconcerttentimesthismonth.</p><p>17.Thechildren(ate,haveeaten)theapplesontheirwaytothecafeteria.</p><p>18.We(heard,haveheard)thegoodnewsandaregladthatyoureceivedthe</p><p>award.</p><p>19.MarkSpitz(swam,hasswum)inmanyinternationalcompetitions.</p><p>20.Thebaseballplayer(caught,hascaught)thehighflyballafterleapinginto</p><p>theair.</p><p>EXERCISE108:WRITING</p><p>Makealistof10thingsthatyouandyourfamilydidlastsummer.Change</p><p>thesubjectstouseallformsoftheverbs.Use10differentverbs.Contrast</p><p>thisbymakinganotherlistofwhatyouandyourfriendshavedonesofar</p><p>this semester. Again, use 10 different verbs, and change the subjects.</p><p>Noticethedifferenceintheverbforms.</p><p>Example:Lastsummermyfamilywenttothebeach.</p><p>Wewalkedalongtheshore.</p><p>This semester my family has visited me at school three</p><p>times. My friends and I havewalked in the park many</p><p>afternoons.</p><p>EXERCISE109:WRITING</p><p>EXERCISE109:WRITING</p><p>Getapartnerandinterviewhim/her,usingquestionwords:who,what,</p><p>why,when,where,andhow.Askyourpartnereightquestionsabouthis/her</p><p>life since he or she came to theUnitedStates.Whenyou have finished,</p><p>rewritetheanswersinparagraphform,andbepreparedtointroduceyour</p><p>partnertotheclass,tellingeveryonewhatyouhavelearnedabouthim/her.</p><p>Example:Adamhaslivedhereforeightmonths.Hehasstudiedatthe</p><p>universityfortwosemesters....</p><p>PASTANDPASTPERFECT</p><p>Withthepastperfect (sometimescalled thepluperfect),usehadand the</p><p>pastparticiple.Inrelationtoapasttimeoraction,thisactionhadalreadytaken</p><p>place.Theverbusinghadand thepastparticiple isalways thefirstof the two</p><p>actions.</p><p>Rememberthefollowingformula:</p><p>BEFORE+timepast(verbinsimplepasttense)</p><p>AFTER+HAD+pastparticiple</p><p>Beforeshecame(secondaction)tothisschool,Moniquehadnotstudied</p><p>(firstaction)English.</p><p>Wehadbought(firstaction)anewcarbeforemywifegot(secondaction)</p><p>hernewjob.</p><p>After the student had sat down (first action), the teacher distributed</p><p>(secondaction)theexams.</p><p>Elvis Presleyhad not been discovered (non-existent first action) before</p><p>1950(pasttime).</p><p>EXERCISE110</p><p>Circlethecorrectformoftheverb.</p><p>1.Before1990Anthu(visited,hadvisited)herfriendsinHolland.</p><p>2.AfterI(arrived,hadarrived)attheparty,everyonebegantosingand</p><p>dance.</p><p>3.I(read,hadread)theletterafterthemailmanhaddeliveredit.</p><p>4.Saul(told,hadtold)methathisfamilyhadgoneonvacation.</p><p>5.Sandy(prepared,hadprepared)awonderfulpartybeforeherfriends</p><p>movedtoArizona.</p><p>6.Jose(improved,hadimproved)hisgradesafterhisteacherhadsenthima</p><p>warning.</p><p>7.Afterthecommitteehadmadeitsdecision,thechairman(made,had</p><p>made)anannouncement.</p><p>8.MypackagearrivedshortlyafterI(ordered,hadordered)it</p><p>9.Terry(waited,hadwaited)forthreehoursbeforeheleft.</p><p>10.IrememberedthatI(promised,hadpromised)tosendthegifttoRita.</p><p>11.Beforethepartyended,Burt(danced,haddanced)withallthegirls.</p><p>12.AfterI(mailed,hadmailed)thepackage,Irememberedthecorrect</p><p>address.</p><p>13.Ourteacher(gave,hadgiven)usthetestresultsaftershehadgraded</p><p>them.</p><p>14.Noone(understood,hadunderstood)thelessonbeforeProfessor</p><p>Sobieskiexplainedit.</p><p>15.Beforehe(went,hadgone)toGreece,DanadidnotspeakawordofGreek.</p><p>EXERCISE111</p><p>Decidewhethereachsentencerequiresthesimplepastorthepastperfect</p><p>tense,andwritethecorrectform.</p><p>Examples: The landlord raised (raise) the rent after he had sent us a</p><p>notice.</p><p>ThepapersblewoffthetableafterMaryhadopened(open)</p><p>thewindow.</p><p>1.JaniceLawson________(win)thelotterybeforesheboughthernewcar.</p><p>2.Veratoldherfriendsthatshe________(return)fromvacationonlyafew</p><p>daysago.</p><p>3.Themechanic________(repair)Dane’scarafterhehaddamagedthe</p><p>motor.</p><p>4.We________(remain)inSeattleaftertheconferencehadended.</p><p>5.Dave________(drive)40milesoutofthewaybeforeherealizedhis</p><p>mistake.</p><p>6.Allofthestudents________(pay)theirtuitionbeforeJuly.</p><p>7.Thefishermanhadremovedtheirequipmentbeforetheboat________</p><p>(sink).</p><p>8.I________(go)toKansasbeforethetornadostruck.</p><p>9.Thepipes________(negativeoffreeze)beforeweturnedoffthewater.</p><p>10.I________(ring)thebellafterIhadseenthesign.</p><p>11.Thecarpenters________(build)thehouseafterthecrewhadpouredthe</p><p>foundation.</p><p>12.Thepolice________(catch)thethiefafterhehadescaped.</p><p>13.Marcy________(negativeoftake)themedicinebeforeshereadthe</p><p>label.</p><p>14.Theairplane________(land)afterthepilothadspokenwiththecontrol</p><p>tower.</p><p>15.Margaret________(negativeofbuy)thehousebeforeshemarriedJim.</p><p>16.Beforethebankmanagerclosedthesafe,he________(put)inthesacks</p><p>ofmoney.</p><p>17.BeforeJennieleftforschool,she________(negativeofeat)anything.</p><p>18.Notmanypeople________(fly)withthatairlinebefore1988.</p><p>PRESENTPERFECTPROGRESSIVE</p><p>It isalsopossibletousetheprogressivetoexpressanactionbeguninthe</p><p>pastthatstillcontinuesatthismoment.Usethefollowingformula:</p><p>S+ BEEN+[V+ING]+FOR+period</p><p>oftime</p><p>Ihavebeenlivinghereforthreeyears.</p><p>(ThreeyearsagoIcameheretoliveandcontinuetolivehere.)</p><p>FrankhasbeenstudyingEnglishsince1989.</p><p>(Frankstartedin1989andstillcontinuestostudyEnglish.)</p><p>HOWLONG+ +SBEEN+[V+ING]</p><p>+complement</p><p>HowlonghaveyoubeenworkingattheAcmeTextileCompany?</p><p>Ihavebeenworkingtherefor10years.</p><p>HowlonghasJodybeensingingopera?</p><p>Jodyhasbeensingingoperafor10months.</p><p>EXERCISE112</p><p>Using the following situations, indicate how long this activity has been</p><p>takingplace.</p><p>Example:IcametoFloridain1978,andIamstillherein2005.(live)</p><p>IhavebeenlivinginFloridafor27years.</p><p>1.Luisstartedhisclassesattheuniversitythreesemestersago.(study)</p><p>2.Mandystartedskiingat9:00a.m.It’snow3:00p.m.</p><p>3.Philstartedhisfinalexamat11:00a.m.andit’snow2:30p.m.(take)</p><p>4.TheconferencebeganonMondayandwearestillhereonSaturday.</p><p>(attend)</p><p>5.HarryandIbegandancingtogetheronFebruary1.TodayisMay1.</p><p>6.Theystartedtoeatat7:30andit’snow9:30.</p><p>7.IstartedtospeakSpanishsixsemestersago.</p><p>8.NoelPhelpsstartedtowritenovelswhenhewas25.He’snow46.</p><p>9.Jackstartedtodriveatruckwhenhewas30.He’snow44.</p><p>10.PaulandDorothystarttobuildtheirhouseonApril1.It’snow</p><p>September30.</p><p>11.Kentstartedtoplaybaseballin1989.It’snow2003.</p><p>12.MyfavoritetelevisionprogramstartedinDecember.It’snowApril.</p><p>(watch)</p><p>13.YoustartedtoplaytheroleofKingArthurin2000.It’snow2005.</p><p>14.IstartedtakingmysummervacationsinEuropein1979.It’snow1987.</p><p>EXERCISE113:WRITING</p><p>Answerthesequestionsbasedonyourpersonalexperiences.</p><p>1.HowlonghaveyoubeenstudyingEnglish?</p><p>2.Howlonghaveyoubeenlivinginyourapartment(house)?</p><p>3.Howlonghasyourfamilybeenwritingletterstoyou?</p><p>4.Howlonghasyourbestfriendbeenworkingathis/herjob?</p><p>5.Howlonghaveyourclassmatesbeenstudyinginthelibrary?</p><p>6.Howlonghaveyouandyourfriendsbeeneatinginthecafeteria?</p><p>PASTANDPASTPROGRESSIVE</p><p>Whilebothofthesetensesindicateatimebeforenow,theycannotbeused</p><p>interchangeably.Pasttenseindicatesasimplecompletedactionwithnorelation</p><p>toanyotheractionbeforeorafterit.</p><p>Irantothestoreforsomemilk.</p><p>Westudiedforthreehourslastnight.</p><p>Itrainedyesterdayafternoon.</p><p>However,whenthepastactionwasinprogressatagiventimeorprior to</p><p>anothersuddensingleaction,theverbisinthepastprogressive.</p><p>IwasrunningtothestorewhenImetBob.</p><p>Wewerestudyingfortheexamwhenthelightswentout.</p><p>ItwasrainingyesterdaywhenIleftthelibrary.</p><p>Eachoftheabovesentencesshowsapastactioninprogressbeforeanother</p><p>tookplace.Lookattheideainthischart:</p><p>Comparethefollowingsetsofsentences.</p><p>♦ Myfatherdrovetoworkat8:00yesterday.(onetime)</p><p>Myfatherwasdriving toworkat8:00thismorningwhenhegotaflattire.</p><p>(actioninprogress)</p><p>♦ Wetalkedaboutourplansforthepartybeforetheclass.(onetime)</p><p>Weweretalkingwhentheteacherarrived.(actioninprogress)</p><p>♦ TerryandMonicaplayedtennislastnight.(onetime)</p><p>Terry and Monicawere playing tennis when it started to rain. (action in</p><p>progress)</p><p>♦ Iswaminthepoolthismorning.(onetime)</p><p>Iwasswimmingat10:00whenMaritzaarrived.(actioninprogress)</p><p>♦ Pattyreadabooklastnight.(onetime)</p><p>PattywasreadingabookbythefirewhenIwalkedintotheroom.(actionin</p><p>progress)</p><p>Look for thesekeywords to helpyoudecidewhether to usepast or past</p><p>progressive.</p><p>Past PastProgressive</p><p>once always</p><p>never everyday(night,week,etc.)</p><p>immediately manytimes</p><p>suddenly often</p><p>atonce frequently</p><p>unexpectedly mentalactionverbs</p><p>finally while/when(twosimultaneousactions=atthesametime)</p><p>EXERCISE114</p><p>Readthefollowingparagraphandwritethecorrectformofthepastorpast</p><p>progressiveforeachverb.</p><p>ThismorningI(1) waswalking (walk)tothebusstop</p><p>whenthebussuddenly(2) pulled (pull)away.I(3)</p><p>__________(look)atmywatchand(4)__________(see)thatitwasnot</p><p>late.Howstrange!I(5)__________(wait)whenmyfriendJung(6)</p><p>__________(appear).She(7)__________(carry)alotofbooks,soI(8)</p><p>__________(move)oversothatshecouldsitdown.We(9)__________</p><p>(talk)whenthenextbus(10)__________(arrive)about15minuteslater.</p><p>Onthebusshe(11)__________(read)herbookwhileI(12)__________</p><p>(write)somenotesandwe(13)__________(negativeofpay)attention.</p><p>Suddenly,I(14)__________(realize)thatwehadmissedourstop.When</p><p>we(15)__________(get)offthebus,it(16)__________(begin)torain</p><p>andneitherofus(17)__________(have)anumbrella.We(18)</p><p>__________(be)verywetwhenwe(19)__________(enter)thelibrary.</p><p>ThisFridaythe13th,(20)__________(be)terrible!NextFridaythe13thI</p><p>willstayhomeallday.</p><p>EXERCISE115</p><p>Circlethecorrectformoftheverb.</p><p>LastweekI(1)(went,wasgoing)shoppingasIdoeveryFriday.</p><p>WhenI(2)(arrived,wasarriving)attheparkinglot,I(3)(found,was</p><p>finding)noplacetopark.Suddenly,IsawthatablueToyota(4)(left,was</p><p>leaving)aspotclosetotheentrance.I(5)(parked,wasparking)mycar</p><p>whensomeonesuddenly(6)(jumped,wasjumping)infrontofme.He(7)</p><p>(didn’tpay,wasn’tpaying)attentionandIalmost(8)(hit,washitting)him.</p><p>Ifinally(9)(got,wasgetting)intothestoreand(10)(started,wasstarting)</p><p>myshopping.I(11)(looked,waslooking)forsomefruitswhentheproduce</p><p>personsuddenly(12)(brought,wasbringing)outsomefreshgrapesand</p><p>bananas.He(13)(said,wassaying)thattheyhadjustbeendelivered.I(14)</p><p>(picked,waspicking)outafewand(15)(put,wasputting)theminmycart.</p><p>Inthemeatdepartmentthebutcher(16)(cut,wascutting)somelamb</p><p>chops,soI(17)(decided,wasdeciding)towaitafewminutesforhimto</p><p>puttheminthedisplaycase.Ihadfoundmostofmygroceriesand(18)</p><p>(pushed,waspushing)thecarttothecheckoutwhensuddenlyoneofthe</p><p>wheels(19)(fell,wasfalling)off.Themanager(20)(helped,washelping)</p><p>meunloadthecart,pay,andgetoutofthestore.Whatashopping</p><p>nightmare!</p><p>EXERCISE116</p><p>Fillinthecorrectformofthesimplepastorpastprogressive.</p><p>1.He wastraveling inEuropewhenhemetSally.(travel)</p><p>2.I wrote sixletterstoday.(write)</p><p>3.She_________herhairwhentheycalled.(brush)</p><p>4.Marta_________herdressandcouldn’tanswerthetelephone.(change)</p><p>5.Theboys_________abookcaseyesterday.(make)</p><p>6.She_________dinnerwhenJohnarrived.(cook)</p><p>7.Paul_________hismotherlastnight.(call)</p><p>8.Theyalways_________toworkinthemorning.(walk)</p><p>9.They_________aboutJameswhenhecamein.(talk)</p><p>10.Peoplealways_________nicethingsabouthim.(say)</p><p>11.Thegirl_________thebuttertothetableimmediately.(bring)</p><p>12.He_________toFrancewhenhisfatherdied.(go)</p><p>13.Ian_________hisbagsandwentaway.(pack)</p><p>14.Theaudience_________alotofquestionsafterthespeechlastnight.</p><p>(ask)</p><p>15.JustasI_________thestore,someonetriedtowalkin.(close)</p><p>16.Asthewaitress_________thewater,someonebumpedintoher.(pour)</p><p>17.Jim_________footballyesterdaywhenhehurthisknee.(play)</p><p>18.I_________asmuchasIcouldbutImissedthebus.(hurry)</p><p>19.Mike_________aletterwhenyoucalled.(type)</p><p>20.WhileMary_________thecar,herboyfriendwaseating.(wash)</p><p>VERBSFOLLOWEDBYINFINITIVES</p><p>Instead of using a noun as a complement, certain verbs use an infinitive.</p><p>Thefollowingverbsalwaysrequiretheinfinitive(to+baseformofverb)ifthe</p><p>complementisaverb.</p><p>Thedirectoragreedtoraisehisemployees’salaries.</p><p>Mysonwilllearntoswimthissummer.</p><p>Kahndeservestoreceivetheawardforhishardwork.</p><p>VERBSFOLLOWEDBYGERUNDS</p><p>Anothergroup,however,requiresagerund(V+ing)asacomplement.The</p><p>followingfitthispattern:</p><p>Thethiefadmittedtakingthejewelry.</p><p>Thestudentscontinuedwritingtheexamdespitethepowerfailure.</p><p>Imissseeingyoueveryday.Pleasehurryhome.</p><p>Thefollowingexpressionsrequirethegerund.InEnglishthegerundusually</p><p>followsapreposition.</p><p>Idon’tapproveofyourwalkinglateatnight.</p><p>Thomasisfondofdrivinginthemountains.</p><p>Wejustfeellikesittinghomethisweekend.</p><p>Manuelsucceededinpassingallofhistests.</p><p>Therearecertainverbs thatcanbefollowedbyeither the infinitiveor the</p><p>gerundwithout changing themeaningof the sentence.Here is a partial list of</p><p>thoseverbs:</p><p>Tomcontinuestostudydespitehisjob. Tomcontinuesstudyingdespitehisjob.</p><p>Iprefertotravelinthesummer. Iprefertravelinginthesummer.</p><p>Analoveshatestostudymath. Anahatesstudyingmath.</p><p>EXERCISE117</p><p>Circlethecorrectformforeach.</p><p>1.Thepoliticiansagreed(debating,todebate)onpublictelevision.</p><p>2.Weintend(going,togo)tothemountainsonourvacation.</p><p>3.Theweatherseems(being,tobe)bettertoday.</p><p>4.Manypeoplereported(seeing,tosee)unidentifiedflyingobjectsoverthe</p><p>lake.</p><p>5.Thedoctorwillpostpone(performing,toperform)surgeryuntilthe</p><p>patientfeelsstronger.</p><p>6.Thedissidentsrefused(obeying,toobey)thepolice.</p><p>7.Ifyouleavenow,youwillavoid(driving,todrive)throughrush-hour</p><p>traffic.</p><p>8.Ourmotherrefuses(allowing,toallow)ustoseethatmovie.</p><p>9.Wehope(buying,tobuy)anewtelevisionthisweek.</p><p>10.Ritadreads(going,togo)tothedentist’soffice.</p><p>11.Eniddecided(repairing,torepair)hercarherself.</p><p>12.Thepolicemansaidthatthedriverhadfailed(yielding,toyield)theright</p><p>ofway.</p><p>13.Ipromisenot(eating,toeat)anymorechocolate.</p><p>14.Ruthresisted(spending,tospend)allofhermoneyinthesamestore.</p><p>15.Thepaintersplan(painting,topaint)thehouseearlythismorning.</p><p>16.Whydon’tyou</p><p>consider(going,togo)tothebeachwithus.</p><p>17.Theyenjoy(singing,tosing)intheshower.</p><p>18.Thebridehopes(having,tohave)beautifulweatheronherweddingday.</p><p>19.Weexpect(entertaining,toentertain)manyfamilymembers.</p><p>20.Mycousinpractices(playing,toplay)thepianoeveryday.</p><p>TROUBLESOMEVERBS</p><p>Because of their similarities, three sets of verbs—rise/raise, sit/set, and</p><p>lie/lay—create problems even for native speakers. If you can remember this</p><p>simplediagramandonesentence foreachexample,youwillhavenoproblem</p><p>withtheseverbs.</p><p>Transitiveverbstakeadirect</p><p>object</p><p>Intransitiveverbstakenodirect</p><p>object</p><p>raise rise</p><p>lay lie</p><p>set sit</p><p>You can raise your test score by studying harder. (score is the direct</p><p>object)</p><p>Thegovernmenthasraisedtaxesagain.(taxesistheD.O.)</p><p>Paulalaidhernewdressonthebed.(dressistheD.O.)</p><p>After laying the bricks for the patio, the workers took a long break.</p><p>(bricksistheD.O.)</p><p>Setthepackageonthetable.(packageistheD.O.)</p><p>Thedoctorwillhave toset thatbrokenbone so that it healsproperly.</p><p>(boneistheD.O.)</p><p>NOTE</p><p>Thesubjectoftheverbsrise,lie,andsitperformstheactiononitself,</p><p>neveronanyoneoranythingelse.</p><p>Hotairrisesfasterthancold.(noD.O.)</p><p>Thetemperaturerosequicklyintheauditorium.(noD.O.)</p><p>Theabandonedtownliesinthemiddleofthedesert.(noD.O.)</p><p>Thesunbatherslayonthebeachallday.(noD.O.)</p><p>Althoughwesatnearthewindow,westillcouldnotfeelthebreeze.(no</p><p>D.O.)</p><p>Ourdoglovestositundertheoldoaktree.(noD.O.)</p><p>NOTE</p><p>Theverbslayandsetcantakeadirectobjectthatisathingandcan</p><p>alsotakeanobjectthatisapersonwhenanotherpersonperformsan</p><p>actiononthesecondperson.</p><p>Thedoctor laid the trembling child inbed so that he could examineher.</p><p>(Thechildislyingonthebed.)</p><p>Mrs. Lucas set her child in the high chair at dinnertime. (The child is</p><p>sittinginthechair.)</p><p>*Noticethespellingchangetoavoidwritingthreevowels(iei)together.</p><p>Herearesomeidiomaticexpressionswithtroublesomeverbs:</p><p>layanegg setabout</p><p>layaway setaside</p><p>laydownthelaw setback</p><p>layinto setout</p><p>layoff setabrokenbone</p><p>layout setgelatin</p><p>tobelaidup setthetable</p><p>takeitlyingdown settheclock</p><p>allset</p><p>hair-raisingexperience</p><p>raiseyourvoice sitstill</p><p>raisecain sitin</p><p>sitin on</p><p>giveriseto sitthrough</p><p>earlyriser sittight</p><p>situp</p><p>EXERCISE118</p><p>Usethecorrectformofriseorraiseinthesesentences.</p><p>Example:Studentsneedtoraisetheirhandsinclass.</p><p>1.Whilethemovers_________thedesk,oneofthedrawersfellout.</p><p>2.Yesterdaymorningthesun_________at6:12.</p><p>3.Mymotherhas_________earlyeverymorningforthepast15years.</p><p>4.Ceciliaaskedusnotto_________ourvoicesbecausethebabywas</p><p>sleeping.</p><p>5.Theofficemanagerhappily_________thesalariesofhisemployeeslast</p><p>June.</p><p>6.Whenthejudgeentersthecourtroom,thebailiffsays,“Willeveryone</p><p>please_________.”</p><p>7.Nooneknowswhenthegovernment_________taxes,butitwillbe</p><p>soon.</p><p>8.Theheavyovernightrainsforcedtheriverlevelto_________.</p><p>EXERCISE119</p><p>Usethecorrectformoflie/lay.</p><p>Example:Thepatientlayonthebedforthreehoursafterhissurgery.</p><p>1.Mydog_________inthesuneverymorning.</p><p>2.Thoseoldbookshave_________inthecornerforyears.</p><p>3.Jane,please_________youressayonmydesk.</p><p>4.Ican’tfindmykeys;IknowI_________themonthetablejustafew</p><p>minutesago.</p><p>5.AfterI_________downforanap,Ialwaysfeelbetter.</p><p>6.BecauseSheila_________onthebeachalldayinthehotsun,shehada</p><p>terriblesunburn.</p><p>7.Thehenhas_________fiveeggsthisweek.</p><p>8.Thehospitalorderlies_________thepatientinbedafterhissurgery.</p><p>EXERCISE120</p><p>Usethecorrectformofsit/set.</p><p>Example:NooneknewwhyHarrywassitting in the back of church</p><p>afterthewedding.</p><p>1.EveryweekChris_________asidesomemoneytobuyastereonext</p><p>Christmas.</p><p>2.Millie_________herhairthismorningsothatitwouldlookniceforthe</p><p>partytonight.</p><p>3.Whenthefirebellrang,thechemistrystudents_________downtheir</p><p>testtubesandsilentlyleftthelab.</p><p>4.Karen,please_________thetablefordinner.</p><p>5.Whilewewere_________aroundwatchingtelevisionlastnight,my</p><p>auntcametovisitus.</p><p>6.Secretariesmust_________alldayattheirdesks.</p><p>7.Sinceyouareonadiet,Ihave_________somegelatinfordessert.</p><p>8.Marvin_________patientlyinthelobbyandwaitedfornewsonhis</p><p>brother’scondition.</p><p>9.Mrs.Daletoldherchildrento_________upstraightandtolistentothe</p><p>speaker.</p><p>CONDITIONALTENSES</p><p>Inthistypeofconstruction,whichcontainstheword if, thecompletionof</p><p>oneactionisdependentonanother.Iftheexistenceorperformanceofanaction</p><p>ishypothetical(notreal)orcannotbefulfilled,thenthatconditionissaidtobe</p><p>unreal.</p><p>Iftheteamlostthegame,thememberswouldbeunhappy.</p><p>(Theteamwillwinthegame;therefore,thememberswillbehappy.)</p><p>Ifthestorewereopennow,Iwouldbuysomegroceries.</p><p>(Thestoreisclosed;therefore,Icannotbuythegroceriesnow.)</p><p>The if clauseprovidedanunreal situation,one that couldnotmaterialize,</p><p>becauseitwascontrarytofactorhypothetical.Therefore,theresultclauseidea</p><p>could not occur either. The situation could have taken place in the past, the</p><p>present,orthefutureifthestipulatedconditionhadbeenmet.Unrealconditions</p><p>canbepresentorpast.</p><p>Toexpresspresentunrealconditions,followthisformula:</p><p>IF+verbinpast+ +verb</p><p>IfIsawTimonmywaytoclassnow,Iwouldstoptotalk.</p><p>(Iwon’tseehimbecausehedoesn’thaveclassestoday.)</p><p>Ifitsnowedveryhard,wecouldgoskiinginthemountains.(It’stoowarm</p><p>tosnow;therefore,wecan’tgoskiing.)</p><p>Eachofthesesentencespresentsanunrealconditioninthepresent.</p><p>NOTE</p><p>Whenusingtheverbbeinunrealclauses,rememberthatonlywereis</p><p>thecorrectformwithpresentconditions.</p><p>IftodaywereSaturday,wecouldsleeplater.</p><p>(Today’sWednesdayandwehavetogetupearly.)</p><p>IfIwereyou,Iwouldstudyharder.(I’mnotyou.)</p><p>However, ifwe lookathowpast situationscouldhavebeen different,we</p><p>wouldusethefollowingformulatoexpresspastunrealconditions:</p><p>IF+HAD+pastparticiple+ +HAVE+past</p><p>participle</p><p>If Ihadremembered tobringmycheckbook thismorning, Icould have</p><p>doneallmygroceryshopping.(Ileftthecheckbookathomeanddidn’t</p><p>haveenoughmoneytoshop.)</p><p>NOTE</p><p>Neverusewouldintheifclause.</p><p>INCORRECT: Ifwewouldhaveknownhowtoswim,wecouldhavelearnedtosurf.</p><p>CORRECT: Ifwehadknownhowtoswim,wecouldhavelearnedtosurf.</p><p>Anotherformofthepastconditionalexpressesthesameideabutomitsthe</p><p>iffromthesentence.Followthisrule:</p><p>HAD+subject+pastparticiple+ +HAVE+</p><p>pastparticiple</p><p>Hadweplayedagainstyouropponent,wecouldhavewoneasily.</p><p>Had theyknown youwere in town, Curt andDianawould have visited</p><p>you.</p><p>Nowthatwehaveseenhowtheunrealworks, let’s takealookat thereal</p><p>conditionals, those that will almost certainly materialize. At the time of</p><p>speaking, there is nothing hypothetical or contrary to fact. These conditionals</p><p>fallintotwocategories:thehabitualandthefactual.Theformerrepresentsthat</p><p>whichalwaysoccurswhenacertainconditionispresent.</p><p>Toexpresshabitualconditions,followthisformula:</p><p>IF+verbinpresent,+present</p><p>IfSusiecomestotown,wealwayshaveaparty.</p><p>IfAndrewgoesdancing,healwayshasagoodtime.</p><p>The if in these sentences has the meaning of when. When one thing</p><p>happens,anotheriscertaintohappenalso.</p><p>Toexpressfactualconditions,followthisformula:</p><p>IF+present+ +verb</p><p>Iftheweatherstaysnice,wecantakeatrip.</p><p>IfPamhasalltheingredients,</p><p>shewillbakeusachocolatecake.</p><p>Wecanalsousethesefactualconditionswithcommandformsintheresult</p><p>clause.Thesubjectoftheresultclausecanonlybeyou.</p><p>Ifyoudoanysewingtoday,pleasemendmybluecorduroys.</p><p>Ifyougettothedrugstore,havemyprescriptionrefilled.</p><p>Although the if clause usually comes first in the sentence, you do not</p><p>changethemeaningbyplacingtheresultclausefirstandfollowingitbythe if</p><p>clause.</p><p>Notice,however,thatthecommaiseliminatedwhentheifclausedoesnot</p><p>appearfirstinthesentence.</p><p>Ifwemissthebus,wewillhavetowalk.</p><p>Wewillhavetowalkifwemissthebus.</p><p>IfSelenahas anymoreproblemswithher registration, shewill drop the</p><p>course.</p><p>Selena will drop the course if she has any more problems with her</p><p>registration.</p><p>EXERCISE121</p><p>Writethecorrectformoftheconditionalandwishing.</p><p>1.IfIhadknownyouwerearrivingtoday,I_________(go)totheairport</p><p>tomeetyou.</p><p>2.NoonewouldhavecomplainedifJoe_________(do)agoodjob.</p><p>3.Marywouldhavevisitedherfriendinthehospitalifshe_________</p><p>(negativeforleave)worksolate.</p><p>4.Ifyougettothelibrary,please_________(pick)upthatbookthatI</p><p>need.</p><p>5.Wewillnotbeabletohearyouifyou_________(speak)sosoftly.</p><p>6.IfI_________(take)thistestnow,Iwouldnotbewellprepared.</p><p>7.IfSherry_________(see)him,shewouldhavegivenhimthebook.</p><p>8.Ifyoutakethiscoursethissemester,you_________(graduate)inJune.</p><p>9.IfSid_________(have)enoughfilm,hewouldhavetakenmore</p><p>pictures.</p><p>10.We_________(attend)thepartyifwehadfoundaride.</p><p>11.Wewishthatwe_________(go)tothemountainswithyoutomorrow.</p><p>12.Shewishesthatshe_________(negativeforeat)somuchfordinner.</p><p>13.Theywishthatthey_________(have)timetogotothelecture.</p><p>14.Sarahwishesthatshe_________(study)harderlastnightfortoday’s</p><p>test.</p><p>15.Paulwishesthathe_________(catch)abigfishnextweek.</p><p>16.Billwishesthathisgolfscore_________(negativeforbe)sobad.</p><p>17.Allofuswishthattherain_________(stop).</p><p>18.Shewishesthatshe_________(win)theprizeinyesterday’slottery.</p><p>19.Andywishesthathe_________(lose)moreweightbeforeJune.</p><p>20.Iwishmyfriend_________(be)hererightnow.</p><p>EXERCISE122</p><p>EXERCISE122</p><p>Readeachsituationand,usingtheconditional,tellwhatyouwoulddo.</p><p>1.Youhavejustwonthemillion-dollarlottery.</p><p>2.Youhavefinallygraduatedafterlongyearsofstudy.</p><p>3.Youhadmadeplansforapicnicoroutdoorevent,butit’srainingand</p><p>willcontinuetorainallday.</p><p>4.Classeshavebeencanceledforoneweek.</p><p>5.Somerelativesofwhomyouarenottoofondareplanningtovisityour</p><p>townforoneweekandwouldliketospendseveraldayswithyou.</p><p>6.It’srainingveryhard,andit’scold.Youarenotinthemoodtogetoutof</p><p>bedandgotoclass.</p><p>7.Youhavejustseensomeonestealsomemerchandisefromastorewhere</p><p>youareshopping.</p><p>8.Youarewalkingdownthestreetandfind$80onthesidewalk.</p><p>9.Youhaveanimportanttesttomorrowforwhichyouarenotwell</p><p>prepared.Amovieyouhavebeenwantingtoseeisontelevisionin45</p><p>minutes.</p><p>10.Yourgirlfriend(boyfriend)wantstogotothebeachthisweekend,but</p><p>youneedtofinishyourtermpaperfora9:00classonMonday.</p><p>11.Yourbestfriendhasboughtyouasweaterthatfitsperfectly,butyouhate</p><p>thecolorsanddesign.</p><p>12.Yourparentsoffertotakeyoushopping,buttheywanttoselectallyour</p><p>purchases.</p><p>13.Youareattendingapartywithallofyourfriendswhoaredrinking.They</p><p>trytopersuadeyoutodrinkalso,butyouknowthatyouhavetodrive</p><p>andthatyouneedtogetupearlythenextmorningtogotowork.</p><p>14.Youhaveajobthatyoudonotlikethatpays$40,000ayear.Youhavean</p><p>offerofamuchmoreenjoyableonethatpaysonly$25,000.</p><p>15.Thedoctortellsyouthatyouneedtolose25poundsifyouwanttofeel</p><p>betterandhavemoreenergy.Youhatedieting,butyoureallydonotfeel</p><p>goodasyouare.</p><p>EXERCISE123:WRITING</p><p>Read the following story about a shopping trip, and then complete the</p><p>sentences,usingtheconditionalperfectformoftheverb.Allsentencesare</p><p>pastunrealconditions.</p><p>Carlos’sBargainHuntingintheSupermarket</p><p>LastFridayCarlos,aSpanisharchitecturestudent,wentgrocery</p><p>shoppingasusual.Onlythistime,hewasnotwithhisAmericanfriend.He</p><p>wantedtoprovethathecouldmanageonhisown.Heevenwrotealistso</p><p>thathewouldnotforgetanything.Hestartedwiththeproducesectionand</p><p>putlettuce,carrots,onions,bigbananas,grapes,andapplesinhiscart.Then</p><p>hefoundtheaislewithallthecannedgoods.Hewasexcitedtofindtunaat</p><p>fourcansforonedollar,soheputeightcansinhiscart.Healsobought</p><p>somecannedpeasandgreenbeansandapackageofrice.</p><p>Inthemeatsection,heselectedsmallpackagesofsausageand</p><p>hamburger.Finally,inthediarysection,hepickedupabottleofmilkand</p><p>foundaloafofbreadnearby.</p><p>Proudofhisaccomplishmentandgreatsavings,Carlosleftforhometo</p><p>preparedinner.Becausehehadaclassanddidn’thavemuchtimetomake</p><p>supper,hedecidedtoeatatunasandwich.Hethoughtthetunahada</p><p>“different”taste,buthewasinahurryandpaidnoattentiontothatsmall</p><p>detail.</p><p>ThenextnightCarlospreparedsomevegetablesoupandcutthelettuce,</p><p>carrots,andonionsandputtheminapottoboil.Fiveminuteslaterhe</p><p>lookedathissoupandrealizedthathehadverysoggylettuceandnot</p><p>cabbage!!Anotherstrangemeal!!Thenextmorning,hecutabananainhis</p><p>dishofcornflakes,onlytofindthatthebananawasaplantain,andithadto</p><p>becookedbeforeeating!!</p><p>Hewasinahurryonceagainatlunchtime,soheateanothertuna</p><p>sandwich,againwiththestrangetaste.Finally,aftereatingsevenofthese</p><p>sandwiches,Carloslookedcloselyatthelabelandrealizedthathehadbeen</p><p>eatingcatfoodforoneweek!!</p><p>Carlos’ssoloshoppingventurehadturnedintoadisaster,andhedecided</p><p>thatheneededtoshopwithhisAmericanfriendafewmoretimesbefore</p><p>goingsoloagain.</p><p>1.IfCarloshadnotgoneshoppingalone,hewouldn’thavemadesomany</p><p>mistakes.</p><p>2.IfCarloshadnotwrittenalist,he___________________.</p><p>3.IfCarloshadlookedcloselyatthebananas,___________________.</p><p>4.IfCarloshadgoneshoppingearlier,___________________.</p><p>5.IfCarloshadnotbeeninahurryatsuppertime,___________________.</p><p>6.IfCarloshadreadthelabelsonthecans,___________________.</p><p>7.IfCarloshadlookedcloselyatthelettuce,___________________.</p><p>8.IfCarloshadeatentheplantain,___________________.</p><p>9.IfCarloshadtakenhistimetofixlunch,___________________.</p><p>10.IfCarlos’sfriendhadgonewithhim,theshoppingventure</p><p>___________________.</p><p>UNLESS</p><p>The conjunction unless functions the same as if . . . not in conditional</p><p>sentences.</p><p>Lookattheconstructionofthesesentences:</p><p>♦ Unlesswefinishtheprojectsoon,ourclientswillbeangry.</p><p>Ifwedon’tfinishtheprojectsoon,ourclientswillbeangry.</p><p>♦ UnlessBillhadalltheingredients,hewouldn’ttrytherecipe.</p><p>IfBilldidn’thavealltheingredients,hewouldn’ttrytherecipe.</p><p>Whateverformscorrespondtorealandunrealconditionswillalsobeused</p><p>here.Unlessisusuallyfollowedbyanaffirmativeclause,notanegativeclause.</p><p>Avoidusingnegativeclausessuchasthis:</p><p>We’llhavethepartyhere,unlessyoudon’tapprove.</p><p>Saythefollowinginstead:</p><p>We’llhavethepartyhere,unlessthereisaproblem.</p><p>INCORRECT: UnlessIdon’tpaythebill,theelectriccompanywillturnoffmylights.</p><p>CORRECT: Unless I pay the bill, the electric company will turn off my</p><p>lights.</p><p>EXERCISE124</p><p>Supplythecorrectformoftheverbineachsentence.</p><p>1.Unlesswepaytherentsoon,thelandlord willevict (evict)</p><p>us.</p><p>2.We_______(attend)</p><p>andareneversetoffby</p><p>commas.</p><p>Whichclausesarenotalwaysabsolutelynecessary to thesentence.When</p><p>theydonotlimitthemeaningofthemainclause,theyaresetapartbycommas.</p><p>(Whichwasdeliveredyesterdayisnotvitaltothesentence.)</p><p>(Whether the county is large or small, it doesn’t change its</p><p>location.ThisinformationisnotvitaltothefactthatMonacois</p><p>neartheSouthofFrance.)</p><p>Whenyoucombinetwoindependentsentences,youwillhavetwoclauses,</p><p>eachcontainingasubjectandaverb.Therelativepronounwillconnectthetwo</p><p>clausesandkeepthespeakerorwriterfromrepeatingthesamewords.</p><p>Teri sent money to her son. Her son’s house was damaged by the</p><p>hurricane.</p><p>EXERCISE5</p><p>Combine each sentence by using a relative pronoun and eliminate the</p><p>repeatedwords.Usewho,whom,whose,which,andthat.</p><p>Example:Omarmetateacher.TheteacherspokeArabic.</p><p>Answer:OmarmetateacherwhospokeArabic.</p><p>1.Imetanactor.Theactor’spicturewonanoscar.</p><p>2.Weboughtahouse.Thehousecostus$150,000.</p><p>3.Sallyintroducedmetoherboyfriend.Herboyfriendisacivilengineer.</p><p>4.Maureenboughtadress.Thedresscost$45.Shehadtoreturnit.</p><p>5.JakegaveIsabelaring.Theringhaddiamondsandrubies.</p><p>6.Mrs.Duncanistalkingtoherstudents.Thestudents’projectsaredueon</p><p>Friday.</p><p>7.Normanliveswithhissister.Hissisterisanurse.</p><p>8.Thesoldierswereinjuredincombat.Thepresidentisawardingmedalsto</p><p>thesoldiers.</p><p>9.Mr.Franklingradedthetests.WetookthetestsonFriday.</p><p>10.Thedirectorknowsthecandidate.Thecandidatewaschosentobethe</p><p>manager.</p><p>EXERCISE6</p><p>UsingformalEnglish,circlethecorrectpronouninthesesentences.</p><p>1.Wehaveapackagefortheman(who,which)stoppedbytoday.</p><p>2.Imettheauthor(who,whose)bookisonthebest-sellerlist.</p><p>3.Areyousurethatthebook(that,which)hasalltheartpicturesisforthis</p><p>class?</p><p>4.Thatyoungman(who,whom)youmetseemsverynice.</p><p>5.I’llbewritingtothedirector(who,whom)yousawMonday.</p><p>6.Willyoubepresentingtheslides(that,which)youtookinCanadalast</p><p>summer?</p><p>7.Thesteaks,(that,which)mybrothergaveus,aredelicious.</p><p>8.Thefish(that,which)Lonniecaughtisabigbass.</p><p>9.Theincometax(that,which)hepaidlastyearisaccurate.</p><p>10.Myfriend(who,whose)fatherisadentistwantstobeanartist.</p><p>11.Henryfinallyfoundhiswallet,(that,which)helost.</p><p>12.JuanValdez’scoffee,(that,which)comesfromColombia,tastesthebest</p><p>ofall.</p><p>IMPERSONALSUBJECTS</p><p>ITANDTHERE</p><p>Whilethewordthereisnotusuallyviewedasasubject,itaccompaniesthe</p><p>verbbetoshowtheexistenceofsomething.Therealsubjectalwaysfollowsthe</p><p>verbanddetermineswhetherthatverbshouldbesingularorplural.</p><p>Affirmative:THERE+BE+subject</p><p>Therearemanymoreemptydesksintheclassroom.</p><p>Thereisamessageinyourmailbox.</p><p>Negative:THERE+BE+ +subject</p><p>Thereisnotimetowasteonsuchfoolishness.</p><p>Therearen’tanycookiesontheplate.</p><p>Hastherebeenanyrainherelately?</p><p>Aretheremorepaperstograde?</p><p>Howmanystoresarethereinthemall?</p><p>Howmuchspaceisthereleftinthegarage?</p><p>NOTE</p><p>Becarefulwhenyouhavetwosingularsubjectsjoinedbythe</p><p>conjunctionand.Thiswillrequireapluralverb.</p><p>Thereareavaseandtwodollsonthedresser.</p><p>Werethereaticketandsomemoneyinyourpurse?</p><p>NOTE</p><p>Inthefollowingsentences,thereisanadverbandreferstolocation.</p><p>Thisisnotthesameasshowingtheexistenceofsomething.</p><p>Thereisthemoneyformytuition.=Themoneyisoverthere.</p><p>There are your pen andnotebook.=Your pen andnotebook is over</p><p>here.</p><p>Muchandmanyaretwoadjectivesthatnon-nativespeakersoftenconfuse.</p><p>Muchdescribesthingsthatcan’tbecountedincertaingeneralcategories(time,</p><p>money, patience, sugar, water, etc.). However, if you put these things in</p><p>containersor time inhours andminutes, andmoney indollars andcents, then</p><p>youcouldcountthem.Noticethedifferenceinthefollowing:</p><p>Thereisn’tmuchwaterinthetank.</p><p>Thereweremany gallons of water when we started to sprinkle the</p><p>grass.</p><p>Thereistoomuchsugarinthisrecipe.</p><p>Therearetoomanycubesofsugarinthedish.</p><p>Howmuchmoney is there in the account? (use with non-countable</p><p>noun)</p><p>Howmanydepositslipsarethereinyourbook?(usewithacountable</p><p>noun)</p><p>When[much+anoun]isthesubjectofthesentence,theverbissingular.</p><p>Thereistoomuchtimespentonplayandnotenoughonstudy.</p><p>When[many+anoun]isthesubject,theverbisplural.</p><p>Therearenotmanydayslefttofinishthisproject.</p><p>EXERCISE7</p><p>Circlethecorrectformoftheverb.</p><p>Example:Howmuchmoney(is,are)leftinyoursavingsaccount?</p><p>Answer:Howmuchmoney are)leftinyoursavingsaccount?</p><p>1.There(is,are)only28daysinFebruary.</p><p>2.There(is,are)fiveticketsleftfortheconcert.</p><p>3.There(was,were)avaseofflowersonthetable.</p><p>4.There(has,have)beenmanydatapublishedontheuseofDNAincrime</p><p>detection.</p><p>5.(Have,Has)therebeenanynewsabouttheaccident?</p><p>6.There(has,have)beennonewdevelopmentsinthatresearch.</p><p>7.Howmanypeople(is,are)thereintheclass?</p><p>8.There(wasn’t,weren’t)anycakeleftaftertheparty.</p><p>9.(Was,Were)thereanycookiesinthejar?</p><p>10.Howmuchfurniture(was,were)thereintheapartmentbeforeyou</p><p>movedin.</p><p>11.(Has,Have)therebeenanyonewhoshowsaninterestinbuyingyour</p><p>car?</p><p>12.There(is,are)noinformationavailableonthistopic.</p><p>13.(Is,Are)theremanystatesthathaverepealedthatlaw?</p><p>14.Howmanytests(has,have)therebeenthissemester?</p><p>15.(Was,Were)thereadress,ajacket,andsomeshoesintheboxwhenyou</p><p>openedit?</p><p>16.(Has,Have)therebeenanyinquiriesintothecommittee’srequest?</p><p>17.There(is,are)norulesagainstdualenrollment.</p><p>18.Howmanypints(is,are)thereinagallon?</p><p>19.(Is,Are)thereanystudentsthisyearwitha4.0GPA?</p><p>20.(Was,Were)thereanytoothpasteleftinthetube?</p><p>The pronoun it is the subject in many impersonal expressions. It is not</p><p>responsibleforperformingtheactioneventhoughitfunctionsasthesubject.In</p><p>theseexpressions,thepronounisnotreplacingapreviouslymentionedsingular</p><p>noun.Theseexpressionscanbefollowedby thatandadependentclauseorby</p><p>aninfinitive.</p><p>IT+BE+adjective+[THAT+subject+verb]</p><p>(dependentclause)</p><p>Adjectivesthatfitintothiscategoryarethefollowing:</p><p>Itisimportantthatyoustudyeverynight.</p><p>ItisgoodthatSarahhascompletedtheprogram.</p><p>Itisunusualthatsomuchsnowhasfallen.</p><p>Anothergroupcanbefollowedonlybytheinfinitive[to+baseformofthe</p><p>verb]:</p><p>IT+BE+adjective+infinitive</p><p>Theseareadjectivesthatfallintothiscategory:</p><p>Itisdangeroustoplaywithmatches.</p><p>Itwashelpfultohavemyflashlightinthedark.</p><p>Itwillbepracticaltospeakanotherlanguage.</p><p>The impersonal it plus some adjectives can be followed by either an</p><p>infinitiveoradependentclause.</p><p>IT+BE+adjective+infinitive</p><p>(dependentclause)</p><p>Thiscategoryincludesthefollowingwords:</p><p>Itisinconceivabletoputavalueonsuchapricelessobject.</p><p>It is inconceivable thatsomeonehasput avalueonsuchapriceless</p><p>object.</p><p>Itwillbeimportanttotranslatethepoemcarefully.</p><p>ItwillbeimportantthatMatttranslatethepoemcarefully.</p><p>Thereareotherimpersonalitconstructionsthatarefollowedbydependent</p><p>clauses.</p><p>IT+LOOK+[ASIF+subject+verb]</p><p>IT+SEEM</p><p>APPEAR+[THAT+subject+verb]TURNOUT</p><p>ItlooksasifRandyhasleftfortheday.</p><p>Itseemedthathewantedtoescapetosomeplacequiet.</p><p>Itappearsthatyouhavediscoveredacureforthedisease.</p><p>ItturnedoutthatwewereallwrongaboutMelanie.</p><p>EXERCISE8</p><p>Decide whether the blank spaces require to for the infinitive or that to</p><p>thelectureunlessitiscanceled.</p><p>3.Noonewillbelieveyouunlessyou_______(show)himtheevidence.</p><p>4.Hewouldn’thaveofferedtohelpunlesshe_______(have)thetime.</p><p>5.Unlessmyfriendlearnstobudgethismoney,he_______(be)indebt.</p><p>6.UnlessSam_______(get)thecontractsigned,hecan’tprovidethe</p><p>services.</p><p>7.UnlessMr.Sanders_______(find)anassistantsoon,hewillnotfinish</p><p>hisreport.</p><p>8.Youwillhavetopayafareincreaseunlessyou_______(purchase)your</p><p>ticketbeforeMonday.</p><p>9.Myteacher_______(negativeforread)thispaperunlessItypeit.</p><p>10.Unlesstheelectrician_______(arrive)soon,wewillhavetositinthe</p><p>darktonight.</p><p>11.Unlessyou_______(try)onthepants,Iwillnotbeabletohemthem.</p><p>12.UnlessI_______(prepare)suppersoon,wewillnoteatuntilverylate.</p><p>13.Unlessyou_______(answer)thephone,thecallerwillthinkthatweare</p><p>nothome.</p><p>14.Unlessyouaremorecareful,thecompany_______(negativeforinsure)</p><p>youinthefuture.</p><p>15.Youwillnot_______(receive)yourcheckunlessyoufilloutatime</p><p>card.</p><p>16.Unlesswe_______(leave)soon,wewillarrivetoolateforthefirstact.</p><p>17.Unlesstheyhurry,they_______(miss)thetrain.</p><p>18.Unlessastranger_______(try)toenterthehouse,mydogwillnotbark</p><p>loudly.</p><p>19.Unlessyou_______(put)thetrashnearthecurb,thecitywon’tcollect</p><p>it.</p><p>20.UnlessSandy_______(ask)Terry,shewillneverknowwhytheybroke</p><p>up.</p><p>POSSIBILITYANDPROBABILITY</p><p>Possibility</p><p>May andmight are usually interchangeable, butmay seems to be stronger or</p><p>showsmoreemphasis.Mightisordinarilyusedforafuturetimeinanounclause</p><p>afterapast-tenseverb.</p><p>Forpresentorfuturetime +simpleform</p><p>Shemaychangehermindbeforesheleaves.</p><p>Shemaybeabletogolater.</p><p>Andreathoughtthatshemighttransfertoanotheruniversitythisfall.</p><p>HesaidhemighthavetomovetoChicagonextyear.</p><p>Mayandmightarecombinedwithtobeabletoandhavetobutneverwith</p><p>canormust.</p><p>Wemighthavetopostponethepicnicbecauseoftherain.</p><p>Gingermaybeabletospeakatourluncheonthisweek.</p><p>Forpasttime +pastparticiple</p><p>Theboysmayhavetriedtocallyouyesterday.</p><p>Imighthaveleftmykeysathome.</p><p>Maynotandmightnotexpresslackofpossibilityorprobability.</p><p>Imaynotgotothepartyafterall.</p><p>Theymightnotbeabletovisitusthisyear.</p><p>May andmight are not ordinarily used in questions unlessmay asks for</p><p>permissiontodosomething.</p><p>MayIseethatphotograph?(askspermission)</p><p>Hemaybehereat5:00.Ishelikelytobehereat5:00?</p><p>Canhepossiblybehereat5:00?</p><p>Probability</p><p>Probability representswhatwe guesswill happen because of a certain set of</p><p>circumstances,butwearenotsureoftheoutcome:</p><p>Johnhasn’teatenfor24hours.Oneoftheideasthatwemightguessisthat</p><p>hemustbeveryhungry.ThisprobabilityinthepresentisexpressedbyMUST</p><p>BE+adjective.Wecanalsousemustbe+[verb+ing].</p><p>Hemustbelookingforarestaurant.</p><p>Ritahasspentthewholedayinthesun.Shemustbesunburned.</p><p>Stuartisdrinkinghisthirdglassofwater.Hemustbethirsty.</p><p>Lookhowdarkitisoutside.Itmustberaining.</p><p>Terry’slaughingalot.Hemustbehavingagoodtime.</p><p>Lookatthefollowingsentencesandattheprobableactionthatwouldresult</p><p>fromthissetofcircumstances.</p><p>Mehrdadhasn’tsleptinthreedays.Hemustbeverytired.</p><p>Kimhasbeenintherainallnight.Shemustbeallwet.</p><p>Johntravels25milestoworkeveryday.Hemusthaveacar.</p><p>Maryhaswon$100.Shemustbehappy.</p><p>Theyhaveboughtanexpensivehouse.Theymustberich.</p><p>Shouldandoughttoexpressstrongpossibilitythatapproachesexpectation</p><p>equalsprobability:</p><p>Forpresentorfuture +simpleform</p><p>Youshould(oughtto)receivethepackagebyWednesday.</p><p>Thecommitteeshould(oughtto)beannouncingthedecisionbytomorrow.</p><p>Henryshould(oughtto)havearrivedonthe8:00train,buthedidn’t.</p><p>Youshould(oughtto)haveboughtthecarwhenitwasonsale.</p><p>EXERCISE125</p><p>Read these sentences andmake logical conclusions, using the present or</p><p>thefutureofprobability.</p><p>1.TomswamtheEnglishChannellastweek.</p><p>2.Johnhasfailedhisexams.</p><p>3.Halhaslost$500.</p><p>4.Nobodywantstohelphimwithhishomework.</p><p>5.Johnhasaslightfever.</p><p>6.Therearemanydarkcloudsinthesky.It’s80degreesoutside.</p><p>7.Therearemanydarkcloudsinthesky.It’s30degreesoutside.</p><p>8.XianandMaihavebeengoingtogetherforfiveyears.</p><p>9.Heislaughingveryhard.</p><p>10.Tomisveryfat.</p><p>11.Theyspendalotofmoneyatthebutcher’s.</p><p>12.TheSimpsonsownabigcar.</p><p>13.ItisveryhotandJennyandherfriendsareatthebeach.</p><p>14.Joseisverysad.</p><p>15.It’s8:00andtheplaybeginsat8:15.Wehavefartodrive.</p><p>16.Melworksveryhard.Heneedsmoremoney.</p><p>17.TheyleftNewYorkforMadridlastnight.They_________bynow.</p><p>18.ThedirectorhasjustofferedJamesabetterjob.</p><p>19.TodayisMary’sbirthday.She_________old.</p><p>20.Jakeisgivingaspeechthisafternooninclass.</p><p>Past probability guesses at a logical conclusion about a situation in the</p><p>past,butitdoesnotrelatetoactionsinthepresent.</p><p>Ican’tfindmywallet.Imusthaveleftitathome.</p><p>Peterreceiveda65percentonhistest.Hemustnothavestudied.</p><p>Mrs.Thomaspaid$1.29apound forchickenonMonday.Today it costs</p><p>$1.59apound.Theymusthaveraisedtheprice.</p><p>Peterdidn’tattendthemeetinglastnight.Hewasprobablybusy.</p><p>It’s been10days sinceyouwrote the check. Ithasprobably cleared by</p><p>now.</p><p>EXERCISE126:WRITING</p><p>Makelogicalconclusionstothesesituationsinthepast.</p><p>1.Mrs.Kenleywastalkingwithaverydistinguishedgentlemenattheparty</p><p>lastnight.He musthavebeensomeoneveryimportant (He</p><p>wasprobablysomeoneimportant.).</p><p>2.Whattimewasitwhenhearrived?It_________________________.</p><p>3.TheDuricaswonthelotterylastyear.They</p><p>_________________________.</p><p>4.Tommyswamtheraceinrecordtime.He</p><p>_________________________.</p><p>5.Jamesfailedallofhisfinalexams.He_________________________.</p><p>6.BobwenttoNewMexicolastweek.He_________________________.</p><p>7.Theyboughtayachtlastmonth.They_________________________.</p><p>8.Nancyleftthepartyearlylastnight.She_________________________.</p><p>9.Tedandhisbrotherweren’tinclassyesterday.They</p><p>_________________________.</p><p>10.LastweekGarysawamoviestarringhisfavoriteactor</p><p>_________________________.</p><p>11.Therewasalargepuddleintheyardthismorning.It</p><p>_________________________.</p><p>12.Paulstudiedveryhardforallofhistestsandheknewthematerialwell.</p><p>He_________________________.</p><p>13.Valwalked12milesafterhercarhadbrokendown.She</p><p>_________________________.</p><p>14.Idepositedyourcheckinthebanklastweek.Thecashierdidn’tsay</p><p>anythingtometoday.Yourcheck_________________________.</p><p>15.Whattimedidyouarrivelastnight?It_________________________.</p><p>16.HowmanypeopleattendedthelectureonTuesday?There</p><p>_________________________.</p><p>17.WheredidCindyandLeogoontheirhoneymoon?They</p><p>_________________________.</p><p>18.HowmanytimesdidLouieseethatmovie?He</p><p>_________________________.</p><p>19.Howoldwereyouwhenthatpicturewastaken?I</p><p>_________________________.</p><p>20.Whendidtheyannouncethewinners?They</p><p>_________________________.</p><p>SUBJECT/VERBAGREEMENT</p><p>One of the biggest problems in writing correctly is that of getting the</p><p>subjectandverbtoagree.</p><p>Singularsubjectstakesingularverbs:</p><p>Thecatchasesthemouse.</p><p>Nobodywantstolistentothatsonganymore.</p><p>Pluralsubjects takepluralverbs.Nounsendinginavoweloraconsonant</p><p>exceptch,sh,s,andxadd-stoformtheplural:</p><p>Thosegirlssinganddanceverywell.</p><p>Rosesarered;violetsareblue.</p><p>Nounsendinginch,sh,s,andxadd-es:</p><p>Theseprettydishesweremygrandmother’s.</p><p>Ourtaxesaregoingupagain.</p><p>Not all words ending in -s are plural. The following words are always</p><p>singularandhavenopluralform:</p><p>News can become a countable noun only by using the words stories or</p><p>items, i.e.news stories or news items.Measles can become plural by saying</p><p>casesofmeasles.</p><p>IRREGULARPLURALS</p><p>Somewordsformtheirpluralswithoutadding-s.Theseirregularwordsare</p><p>thefollowing:</p><p>*A louse is an insect that gets in your hair andmakes you scratch your</p><p>head.Younevergetonlyone.</p><p>Mytoothhurts.Myteethhurt.</p><p>Alouseisaparasite.Liceareparasites.</p><p>NOTE</p><p>Compoundwords,suchasfootballandtoothbrush,formtheirplurals</p><p>accordingtotherules.Add-sand-es.</p><p>Allfivetoothbrusheshavethesameshape.</p><p>Theteamhadtobuynewfootballs.</p><p>Thefollowingwords,however,alwaysindicateapluralconceptandrequire</p><p>apluralverb:</p><p>scissors glasses(eye)</p><p>pants both</p><p>many people</p><p>several</p><p>However, ifapairofprecedesscissors,pants,andglasses,useasingular</p><p>verb.</p><p>Every andany and their forms (everyone, everything, etc.) and each are</p><p>alwayssingularandtakeasingularverbandsingularpossessiveadjectives.</p><p>PROBLEMSWITHPREPOSITIONALPHRASES</p><p>Prepositionalphrasesarenotsubjects,sowhenyouhaveawordgroupthat</p><p>includes a prepositional phrase other than thosementioned below, look at the</p><p>nounbeforethephrasetodeterminewhethertheverbwillbesingularorplural.</p><p>When no prepositional phrase follows some, then theword is plural and</p><p>requiresapluralverb.</p><p>However, when a prepositional phrase follows the word some, it is the</p><p>objectofthepreposition;thenumberoftheobjectdetermineswhethertheverb</p><p>issingularorplural.</p><p>Whethereitherandneitheraresingularorpluraldependsonhowtheyare</p><p>usedinthesentence.Wheneither...orandneither...norareusedtogether,</p><p>whateverfollowsorandnordeterminesthenumberoftheverb.</p><p>NOTE</p><p>Whenaprepositionalphrasefollowseitherorneither,theverbis</p><p>alwayssingular.Rememberthatprepositionalphrasescannotbe</p><p>subjects.</p><p>Expressionslikealongwith,accompaniedby,togetherwith,andaswellas</p><p>shouldbetreatedasiftheywereprepositionalphrases.</p><p>Althoughobjects of prepositions cannot be subjects, in a fewexceptional</p><p>cases they can determine whether the verb will be singular or plural. The</p><p>followingphrasescanbesingularorpluraldependingonthewordthatfollows</p><p>them:</p><p>Theexpressionanumberofisalwaysfollowedbyapluralverb.</p><p>However,theexpressionthenumberofrequiresasingularverb.</p><p>Whenusing the -ing formof theverb (gerund)as thesubject,alwaysuse</p><p>thesingularformoftheverb.</p><p>Subjectsof theexpressionsusing [thereorhere+a formof theverbbe]</p><p>always follow theverb.Find the subject first, and thendeterminewhether the</p><p>verbshouldbesingularorplural.</p><p>Thewordonealwaysrequiresasingularverb.</p><p>EXERCISE127</p><p>Inthisexercise,circlethecorrectformoftheverbforeachsentence.</p><p>FeedingtheBirds</p><p>Manypeople[pass(1)passes]throughMemorialParkeveryday.</p><p>Everybody[talk(2)talks]toMr.Parsons,anoldmanwho[sit(3)sits]ona</p><p>parkbenchand[feed(4)feeds]thebirds.They[fly(5)flies]nearand[peck</p><p>(6)pecks]atthebreadthathe[throw(7)throws]tothem.Themajorityof</p><p>thepeoplewho[come(8)comes]here[know(9)knows]Mr.Parsons.</p><p>Todayapairofbeautifulbluejays[approach(10)approaches]andhe[give</p><p>(11)gives]themsomewild-birdseedfromhishand.Alocaljournalist[see</p><p>(12)sees]thekindoldmanand[decide(13)decides]totalkwithhim.He</p><p>says,“Thenews[is(14)are]notalwaysgood,butsome[has(15)have]</p><p>moreappealthanothers.”Neitherthemannorthejournalist[speak(16)</p><p>speaks]forawhile.Alittleboy,accompaniedbyhissisters,[ride(17)</p><p>rides]byand[say(18)says]hello.Thenumberofpeoplepassingbytotalk</p><p>withMr.Parsons[is(19)are]increasing,sothejournalist[take(20)takes]</p><p>hisnotebooktointerviewsomeoneelse.</p><p>EXERCISE128</p><p>Circlethecorrectformofeachofverb.</p><p>1.Thecolorofthosepants(clash,clashes)withthatofyourblouse.</p><p>2.Arthritis(is,are)aseriousdisease.</p><p>3.Everypersoninthisroom(has,have)aticketforthedoorprize.</p><p>4.NeitherChristienorhersistersever(walk,walks)toschool.</p><p>5.Someoftheflowers(is,are)wilted.</p><p>6.Thestudents,accompaniedbytheirparents,(is,are)leavingforafield</p><p>trip.</p><p>7.Anumberofsimilartypesofplant(grow,grows)wellinthisclimate.</p><p>8.Manyofthegraduatesalready(has,have)summerjobs.</p><p>9.Eitherthemanagerorhissecretary(distribute,distributes)the</p><p>employees’paychecks.</p><p>10.Thisdictionary,aswellasthosetravelbooks,(is,are)onsalethisweek.</p><p>11.Alotofnewstudents(come,comes)toclassexpectingagreatdealof</p><p>homework.</p><p>12.Sixtypercentofthefoodsthatweeat(contain,contains)preservatives.</p><p>13.Thenumberofdaysinthebillingperiod(is,are)only20.</p><p>14.Two-thirdsofthecorncrop(was,were)savedafterthedrought.</p><p>15.(Was,Were)eitherofyouinthebuildingatthetimethatthealarm</p><p>sounded?</p><p>16.Nobody(look,looks)atbacteriawiththenakedeye.</p><p>17.Neithertheinvestigatorsnorthescientist(offer,offers)asatisfactory</p><p>explanationforthatoccurrence.</p><p>18.Themajorityofthenewsreports(say,says)thatthecrashwasdueto</p><p>enginefailure.</p><p>19.Oneofthemachines(break,breaks)downatleastonceamonth.</p><p>20.Neitherprofessionalsnoramateurs(photograph,photographs)without</p><p>checkingthelensfirst.</p><p>EXERCISE129</p><p>Fillineachblankwiththecorrectformoftheverb.</p><p>1.Neithertheboysnortheircoach has (have)seenthecaptain</p><p>oftheteam.</p><p>2.Alargenumberoffish________(be)swimmingdowntheriver.</p><p>3.Noone________(like)towritesuchlongassignments.</p><p>4.Eitherofthem________(be)aworthycandidatefortheaward.</p><p>5.Thesescissors________(need)tobesharpened.</p><p>6.There________(be)severalbooksonthedesk.</p><p>7.Theplanningcommittee________(want)toadoptthenewmeasures</p><p>verysoon.</p><p>8.Readinghorrorstories________(frighten)manypeople.</p><p>9.TheNavy________(train)manynewsailorseveryyear.</p><p>10.Everyathlete________(excel)inonesportoranother.</p><p>11.Mathematics________(require)alotoftimeandpractice.</p><p>12.Myteeth________(hurt)sinceIhadsurgery.</p><p>13.Everyday________(seem)likeaneternitysinceyouwenttoAtlanta.</p><p>14.Manypeople________(spend)toomuchmoneyonjunkfoods.</p><p>15.Apairofnewglasses________(cost)about$80.</p><p>16.Eachofthegifts________(represent)asymbolofmylove.</p><p>17.Someofthemoney________(go)forlivingexpenses.</p><p>18.Manyoftheproblems________(solve)themselvesafteryoulearnmore</p><p>aboutcomputers.</p><p>19.NeitherSandynorherbrothers________(drive)toschool.</p><p>20.Fortypercentofallaccidents________(occur)closetohome.</p><p>ACTIVEANDPASSIVEVOICE</p><p>VerbsinEnglishcanbeineithertheactiveorthepassivevoice,depending</p><p>onhowthewriterchoosestopresenttheaction.Intheactivevoice,thesubject</p><p>performs the action, whether it is past, present, or future. The following</p><p>sentencesshowavarietyoftenses.</p><p>Thesunisshining.</p><p>Thechildranaftertheball.</p><p>WewillbevisitingourrelativesinOhio.</p><p>HasJoelreceivedhispackageyet?</p><p>Ifwehurry,wecanseetheparade.</p><p>Inalloftheabove,thesubjectperformedtheaction.Hereitwasimportant</p><p>toknowwhowasresponsiblefortheaction.</p><p>However,inthepassivevoice,thesubjectdoesnotperformtheactionbut</p><p>ratherreceivesit.Basically,thepassiveemphasizestheactionitself,ratherthan</p><p>theperformerofthataction.Inmostcasestheperformer,knownastheagent,is</p><p>eitherunimportantorunknown.</p><p>ThemagnificentTajMahal</p><p>wasbuiltin1646A.D.</p><p>Doweknowwhothearchitectwas?No.Doesitmatter?No.</p><p>Active:subject+verb+directobject</p><p>ShakespearewroteRomeoandJuliet.</p><p>Passive:subject+verb+BY+agent(BE+pastparticiple)</p><p>RomeoandJulietwaswrittenbyShakespeare.</p><p>Noticehowthesubjectoftheactivevoicebecametheagentofthepassive</p><p>voice, andhow thedirect object of the activevoicebecame the subject of the</p><p>passivevoice.Inchangingfromactivetopassive,followthesamepattern.Often</p><p>we are interested in only the year and the purpose and not in the personwho</p><p>performedtheaction.Thefollowingarecommonconstructionsusingthepassive</p><p>voice.</p><p>Utopiawaswrittenin1516.</p><p>LaPrimaverawaspaintedbyBotticelliin1478.</p><p>TheAmericanRedCrosswasfoundedin1881.</p><p>GeorgeW.Bushwaselectedpresident in2000andwasre-elected in</p><p>2004.</p><p>Theprintingpresswasinventedin1450.</p><p>Noticetheelementsnecessaryforthiskindofconstruction.</p><p>subject+BE+pastparticiple+(BY+agent)</p><p>Thelastelementisinparenthesesbecausetheremaynotalwaysbeanagent</p><p>(theoneresponsiblefortheaction)expressed.</p><p>Americawasdiscoveredin1492.(noagentindicated)</p><p>AmericawasdiscoveredbyChristopherColumbusin1492.(Here</p><p>theagentismentioned.)</p><p>Onlytransitiveverbscanbeusedwiththepassivevoice.Aformoftheverb</p><p>(be+thepastparticiple)mustaccompanyeachverb,regardlessofthetense.</p><p>Yourapplicationisbeingprocessedrightnow.</p><p>TheflagisraisedovertheCapitoleverymorning.</p><p>OurnewgovernorwillbeinauguratednextMonday.</p><p>Thecommitteehasbeenappointedbythechairman.</p><p>Amy’shousehadbeenbuiltbeforetheoilcrisis.</p><p>When the auxiliariesmust, can, andmay are used, the passive voice is</p><p>formedwithbeplusthepastparticipleofthemainverb.</p><p>Thelettermustbetypedthisafternoon.</p><p>Yourloancanbeapprovedquicklyifyouhaveagoodcreditrating.</p><p>Wemaybeinvitedtoaweddingnextmonth.</p><p>Lookathowtheactiveandpassivevoicearecontrasted.Bothofthemsay</p><p>basicallythesamething,butgrammaticallytheyaredifferent.</p><p>ActiveVoice PassiveVoice</p><p>Theteacherringsthebell. Thebellisrungbytheteacher.</p><p>Theteacherisringingthe</p><p>bell.</p><p>Thebellisbeingrungbythe</p><p>teacher.</p><p>Theteacherrangthebell. Thebellwasrungbytheteacher.</p><p>Theteacherhadrungthe</p><p>bell.</p><p>Thebellhadbeenrungbythe</p><p>teacher.</p><p>Theteacherwillringthe</p><p>bell.</p><p>Thebellwillberungbythe</p><p>teacher.</p><p>EXERCISE130</p><p>Changeeachsentencefromtheactivevoicetothepassive.Ifthesubjectis</p><p>inparentheses,eliminateitinthepassive.</p><p>Example:Theteacherrangthebell.</p><p>Thebellwasrungbytheteacher.</p><p>(Thedirector)calledthemeetingtoorder.</p><p>Themeetingwascalledtoorderbythedirector.</p><p>1.(ArthurMiller)wroteDeathofaSalesmanin1949.</p><p>2.Theattackingtroopscapturedthefort.</p><p>3.ThomasJeffersondesignedMonticello.</p><p>4.(Manypeople)signedtheDeclarationofIndependenceinPhiladelphia.</p><p>5.(Theweatherman)ispredictingrainfortomorrow.</p><p>6.Theforestfiredestroyedmostoftheprairie.</p><p>7.Thelumberjackswillcutdownmanytreesinordertobuild12new</p><p>houses.</p><p>8.Thealtarserverlitthecandlesbeforetheceremonyhadbegun.</p><p>9.(Everyone)sangsongsafterthediscussion.</p><p>10.Thousandsofviewerswatchedthefinalepisodeoftheprogram.</p><p>11.(Noone)knowstheauthor’sname.</p><p>12.MelGibsondirectedPassion.</p><p>13.(Thegovernment)signedthetreatyin1863.</p><p>14.(Thepolice)issued500speedingticketsyesterday.</p><p>15.(They)willclosetheStockMarketonJuly4.</p><p>16.Channel5willfeatureaprogramonSpainonWednesday.</p><p>17.Thecommitteehasmadeplansforacelebration.</p><p>18.(Thegroup)hadtorndowntheoldchurchbefore1875.</p><p>EXERCISE131</p><p>Changeeach sentence frompassive to activevoice. Ifnoagent isgiven,</p><p>theninventsomeoneresponsiblefortheaction.</p><p>Examples:Abillrequiringeveryonetouseseatbeltswillbesignedby</p><p>thegovernor.</p><p>Thegovernorwillsignabillrequiringeveryonetouseseat</p><p>belts.</p><p>Themedicationwasprescribedbythedoctor.</p><p>Thedoctorprescribedthemedication.</p><p>Federalemployeeswereevacuatedfromthebuildingsduring</p><p>theriots.</p><p>Thepoliceevacuated federalemployees from thebuildings</p><p>duringtheriots.</p><p>1.Anewcarwasorderedbythesalesman.</p><p>2.Thewaterwasanalyzedbythetechniciantoseewhetheritwaspolluted.</p><p>3.Yourpackageisbeingsentairfreight.</p><p>4.Thenationalanthemwillbesungbeforethesoccermatch.</p><p>5.Frank’shouseisbeingpaintedthisweek.</p><p>6.Thefisharebeingcaughtinlargenumbers.</p><p>7.MuchtreasurefromthesunkenshipTheAtochahasbeendiscoveredby</p><p>MelFisher.</p><p>8.Myfavoritesongwasplayedbytheorchestra.</p><p>9.St.AugustinewasoccupiedbytheFrenchatonetime.</p><p>10.Nancy’sdresshadbeenboughtinAtlantatwoweeksbeforethewedding.</p><p>EXERCISE132:WRITING</p><p>Because the agent or person responsible for each of these actions is</p><p>mentioned, itwouldhavebeenbetter towrite thewholeparagraphin the</p><p>activevoice.Rewritethissothatalltheverbsareintheactivevoice.</p><p>BeautifulHawaii</p><p>TheplaneloadoftouristswasflownoutofLosAngelestowardHawaii</p><p>bythepilot.Awonderfulmealwasservedonboardbytheflightcrew.The</p><p>beautifulsceneryenroutetotheislandparadisewasenjoyedbythe</p><p>passengers.Uponarrival,thetouristsweregreetedbynativewomen</p><p>wearinggrassskirts.TheywereswayingtoHawaiianmelodiesofthe</p><p>traditionalmusicthatwasplayedonukulelesbylocalmusicians.These</p><p>musicalinstrumentsareconsideredbymanytobenativetotheislands.</p><p>Eachofthetouristswasgivenacolorfulleioftinyorchidsbyoneofthe</p><p>lovelywomen.Thevisitorswerewarmlyreceivedbythecitizensofthis</p><p>Pacificisland.</p><p>EXERCISE133:WRITING</p><p>Readthefollowingparagraphandchangethesentencesfrompassivevoice</p><p>toactivevoice.Rewritethewholeparagraph.</p><p>Stonehenge</p><p>Stonehenge,amegalithicstructurelocatedinEngland,wasbuiltbyan</p><p>agriculturaltribeofsunworshipersin2750B.C.Anumberoftheories</p><p>aboutthepurposeofsuchastructurehavebeenproposedaboutthemystery</p><p>ofStonehenge.Themostacceptedtheoryregardingitssignificancewas</p><p>devisedin1963byaBritishastronomer,GeraldS.Hawkins.Itwas</p><p>believedthatStonehengewasagiantstonecalendarandobservatory.The</p><p>pointatwhichthesunroseduringthemidsummersolsticewasmarkedby</p><p>“heelstones”inthecenterofthecomplex.Accordingtoanthropologists,</p><p>religiousritesdatingbacktothetimeofAtlantiswereperformedbya</p><p>religioussectcalledDruids.Itwasdiscoveredbyscientists,however,that</p><p>historicallyandchronologicallytheDruidsandStonehengewerefrom</p><p>differenteras.</p><p>Mostwritingwillbeintheactivevoiceratherthaninthepassive.However,</p><p>if you arewriting a lot about historical events or scientific accounts, youwill</p><p>findthatthepassiveispreferred,mainlybecausethoseresponsiblefortheaction</p><p>are unknown or else unimportant. These written accounts are usually less</p><p>forcefulthanthosedescribedintheactivevoice.</p><p>SUBJUNCTIVE</p><p>InEnglishtherearethreemoodsorwaystoexpresstheactionoftheverbs,</p><p>awriterorspeakeruses.Theyareindicative(allofthetensesalreadystudiedin</p><p>thisunit)whichindicatestherealworld,thatwhichishappening,hashappened,</p><p>or will happen. The imperative or commands in which the speaker orders</p><p>someone todoornot todosomething.Thesubjunctive represents theunreal,</p><p>contrary to fact, or form whereby the speaker wants someone else to do</p><p>something. The subjunctive is not used as often as the other two moods in</p><p>English.Sentencesusingthesubjunctivealwayscontaintwoclauses,onemain</p><p>andonedependent,twodifferentsubjects,andtheconjunctionthat.</p><p>S1+V1+THAT+S2+V2(subjunctive)</p><p>(mainclause) (dependentclause)</p><p>The verb</p><p>in the subjunctive is always the simple form, one thatdoesnot</p><p>showtimeoragreement.Thereisnosequenceoftensesbetweenthemainclause</p><p>andthedependentclause.</p><p>ThedoctorsuggeststhatItakevitamins. (thathe/she/we/youtake...)</p><p>ThedoctorsuggestedthatItakevitamins. (thathe/she/we/youtake...)</p><p>ThedoctorwillsuggestthatItakevitamins. (thathe/she/we/youtake...)</p><p>Themainclauseisalwaysthefirstofthetwoandmustcontainoneofthe</p><p>followingverbs:</p><p>Thegeneralcommandedthathistroopsstandatattention.</p><p>Motherwillinsistthatwenotgocampingthisweekend.</p><p>Thenutritionistprefers thatAbduldrink eight glasses ofwater each</p><p>day.</p><p>Rather than use the subjunctive, many people prefer to eliminate the</p><p>conjunction that and use an indirect object and the infinitive. It is understood</p><p>that the indirect object will be responsible for performing the action of the</p><p>infinitive.</p><p>subject+verb+indirectobject+infinitive</p><p>Theuniversityrequiresustotakefourmathcourses.</p><p>Thepoliceorderedthedemonstratorstoleaveatonce.</p><p>Thedirectorwillrequestallmusicianstoarriveearly.</p><p>Iurgethemtostayanotherweekortwo.</p><p>Anumberof impersonalexpressions (it+be+adjective) canbeused in</p><p>themainclausewith the subjunctive in thedependent clause.Again, themain</p><p>verb(be)canbeinanytenseandthereisnosequenceoftenses.</p><p>IT+verbBE+adjective+THAT+S2+V2(subjunctive)</p><p>Thefollowingadjectivescanbeusedintheimpersonalexpressions:</p><p>Itwasadvisedthatallresidentsleavethestormarea.</p><p>It is better that the professor notdiscuss his controversial theory in</p><p>class.</p><p>Itwillbepreferablethattouristsnotdrivethroughthejungle.</p><p>ItisobligatorythatMartapayherfeesatonce.</p><p>Iftheitphraseisreplacedbyapersonresponsiblefortheaction, thenthe</p><p>infinitiveisusedwiththeseadjectives:</p><p>Thisisthenewsentencepattern:</p><p>S(person)+verbBE+adjective+infinitive</p><p>Youwereadvisedtoregisterimmediately.</p><p>Wearerequiredtowearashirtandshoesinthere.</p><p>Estherwillbeurgedtostudyeconomicsthisyear.</p><p>Anotherwaytogetaroundusingthesubjunctiveistoeliminatethechange</p><p>ofsubjectandtheconjunctionthatandusetheinfinitive.</p><p>IT+verbBE+adjective+infinitive</p><p>Itwillbeimperativetostudyeverynight.</p><p>Itisobligatorytopaytaxeseveryyear.</p><p>Itwasurgenttodiscussyourmedicalproblemimmediately.</p><p>Itisbettertowaitforalowerinterestrate.</p><p>EXERCISE134</p><p>Writeeitherthesubjunctiveortheinfinitiveformoftheverb.</p><p>1.Anissaaskedherbrothersnot_________(tease)hersomuch.</p><p>2.Thedeanrequeststhatyou_________(see)himthisafternoon.</p><p>3.Idemandthatthey_________(apologize)immediately.</p><p>4.Theteacherwillrecommendthatwe_________(take)theexamon</p><p>Friday.</p><p>5.Itwasnecessary_________(write)totheadmissionsoffice.</p><p>6.ItisimperativethatSaud_________(drive)toclass.</p><p>7.Itisbetter_________(eat)threegoodmealseveryday.</p><p>8.Weurgedthem_________(visit)themuseumthisweek.</p><p>9.MyparentsinsistedthatI_________(live)closetocampus.</p><p>10.Youarerequested_________(appear)atgraduationceremonies.</p><p>11.Danawasadvised_________(be)cautiousonhertripabroad.</p><p>12.Youwillbeurged_________(accept)thenewposition.</p><p>13.ItwillbedesirablethattheMurphyfamily_________(move)toalarger</p><p>house.</p><p>14.Iwasadvised_________(give)upsmokingformyhealth.</p><p>15.Mandyrequiredus_________(arrive)nolaterthan8p.m.</p><p>16.Itispreferable_________(study)inthelibraryratherthaninthe</p><p>cafeteria.</p><p>17.Itwillbeimportant_________(pay)thisbillontime.</p><p>18.Theoldmanorderedthereporters_________(get)offhisproperty</p><p>beforehecalledthepolice.</p><p>19.Rowenainsistedthatherboyfriend_________(dance)onlywithher.</p><p>20.Peterpreferredthathisfriends_________(swim)inthepool,notinthe</p><p>lake.</p><p>Another example of using the subjunctive relates to unreal situations and</p><p>hastheverbwish in themainclause. If thesituationwerereal,youwouldnot</p><p>wishforachange.TheconjunctionthatisoftenomittedinspokenEnglish.The</p><p>subjunctivehere looks like thepast tense thatyoustudiedbefore. It really isa</p><p>formofthesubjunctive.Theonlyformoftheverbbeforpresentwishesiswere.</p><p>Thepatternforthisuseofthesubjunctiveandawishinthepresentisasfollows:</p><p>S1+WISH+THAT+S2+pasttense</p><p>TimisinCalifornia.Iwishthathewerehere.</p><p>TodayisThursday.ThechildrenwishthatitwereSaturday.</p><p>Idon’thavetime.IwishthatIhadtime.</p><p>Wecan’tgosurfing.Wewishthatwecouldgosurfing.</p><p>Itispossibletohavethesamesubjectforboththemainandthedependent</p><p>clauses.</p><p>Awish in the past requires sequence of tenses. It also looks at an unreal</p><p>situationrelatedeithertonowortothepast.Followthispattern:</p><p>S+WISH{present/past}+THAT+HAD+pastparticiple</p><p>Presentwishesrelatedtopastactions:</p><p>Ourfriendsdecidednottovisitthisweek.</p><p>Wewish(now)thattheyhadvisitedus.</p><p>Theweatherwashotanddryalllastweek.</p><p>Iwish(now)thatithadrainedalittle.</p><p>Theboyswenttocamplastsummer.</p><p>Theirmotherwishes(now)thattheyhadn’tgonetocamp.</p><p>Pastwishesrelatedtopastactions:</p><p>Joandidn’tstudySpanishincollege.</p><p>After Sally hadmoved toMexico, shewished that she had studied</p><p>Spanish.</p><p>In1982mysonboughtaconvertible.</p><p>Laterhewishedhehadboughtapracticalcar.</p><p>TheJohnsonswantedalovelyhouseinthevalley.</p><p>Theywishedthatithadn’tbeensoexpensive.</p><p>EXERCISE135</p><p>Changeeachofthefollowingwishesfromthepresenttopast.Useapast</p><p>expression,andthenrewritethewholesentence.</p><p>Example:Wewishyouhadmoretimetovisit.</p><p>Wewishyouhadhadmoretimelastweek.</p><p>1.IwishthatIweregoingtoSwitzerland.</p><p>2.Thestudentswishthattheyhadmoretimetostudy.</p><p>3.Nancywishesthatshecouldcooklikehergrandmother.</p><p>4.WewishTimwereherefortheparty.</p><p>5.Theywishthattheydidn’thavetotakesomanymathclasses.</p><p>6.Youwishthatwecouldgettogethermoreoften.</p><p>7.Iwishitweren’tsnowingsohard.</p><p>8.Wewishthatthisbusdriverdidn’thavetomakesomanystops.</p><p>9.Margiewishesthatshecouldtypefaster.</p><p>10.Myparentswishthatsomeonewouldbuytheirhouse.</p><p>EXERCISE136:WRITING</p><p>Imaginethatyouhavejustfoundanoldoillamp.Asyouruboffsomeof</p><p>thedust,agenieappearsandtellsyouthathewillgrant10wishesthatyou</p><p>can make for your friends. Using 10 different verbs, wish something</p><p>different(pastorpresent)foreachofyourfriends.</p><p>EXERCISE137</p><p>Fillinthecorrectformoftheverb,usingtheclues.</p><p>1.IwishthatI_________(buy)thecoatwhenitwasonsale.</p><p>2.Davewishesthathe_________(negativefordrive)sofast,becausehe</p><p>gotaticket.</p><p>3.Harryarrivedlatefortheinterviewandwishedthathe_________(got)</p><p>upearlier.</p><p>4.Thetrafficisterriblerightnow,andwewishthatwe_________(take)</p><p>anotherroute.</p><p>5.Johnwishesthathe_________(have)themoneyforsomelotterytickets</p><p>becausethejackpotis$20million.</p><p>6.IwishI_________(know)howtorepaircarsbecausemineisalways</p><p>havingproblems.</p><p>7.Jakewishesthathe_________(negativefordrink)somuchattheparty</p><p>lastnight,becausehehasahangoverthismorning.</p><p>8.Mymotherwishesthatthebreeze_________(dry)herclothesinahurry</p><p>sothatshecouldgettheminbeforeitrains.</p><p>9.Elizabethwishesshe_________(negativeforbe)sicklastweekbecause</p><p>shehassomuchworktodonowtocatchup.</p><p>10.IwishthatI_________(read)asfastasyousothatIcouldfinishthisnovel</p><p>tonight.</p><p>EXERCISE138:WRITING</p><p>Melanieandherroommatewenttoaspecialbirthdaypartylastnight,but</p><p>everythingseemedtogowrongforthem.Rewritetheparagraph,retelling</p><p>whattheywishhadorhadnothappened.</p><p>Solangehadtoworklate.Ihadtowaitforhertoshoweranddress.We</p><p>arrivedlateatthepartyandmissedalotofthefun.JohnnyDurango,ahot</p><p>newlocalsinger,sangacoupleofsongs,butwedidn’thearhim.Therehad</p><p>beenalotofgreatfood,butweateonlytheleftovers.PeteSinclair,a</p><p>handsomeguyinmybiologyclass,wouldn’tdancewithme.Iwastooshy</p><p>toaskhimtodance.Solangedranktoomuch,andshegotsickattheparty.</p><p>Shelostherkeys,soTomofferedtodriveushome.He’ssuchabore!</p><p>Solangewenttobedat11,andIwatchedtelevision.Ishouldhavestayed</p><p>homethatnight!</p><p>SAYANDTELL</p><p>Althoughbothsayand tellmeanbasically thesame thing, theycannotbe</p><p>usedinterchangeably.</p><p>Sayisusedwhenthewordthatintroducesasubordinateclause.</p><p>subject+SAY+THAT+subject+verb+complement(subordinate</p><p>clause)</p><p>Thenewpresidentsaidthathewouldnotraisetaxes.</p><p>PaulsaidthathehadvisitedCanadaeverysummerfortenyears.</p><p>Sayisusedwithdirectspeech—thatis,whenthewordsofthespeakerare</p><p>repeatedexactlyashesaidthem.</p><p>subject+SAY,+“subject+verb+complement”</p><p>Tedsaid,“Ihavefinishedmywork,andI’mgoinghome.”</p><p>Ourguestspeakerwillsay,“Nowisthetimeforaction.”</p><p>Sayisneverfollowedbytoandanindirectobject.</p><p>Tonysaysthathewilltakeageologycoursenextsemester.</p><p>Fredsaidthathehadtalkedwithhisbossabouttheraise.</p><p>Tellisusuallyfollowedbyanindirectobject(thepersontowhomthewords</p><p>arespoken),that,andthesubordinateclause.</p><p>subject+TELL+indirectobject+THAT+subject+verb+complement</p><p>(subordinateclause)</p><p>Sandra told her sisters (indirect object) that the party was to be a</p><p>surprise.</p><p>Bettytoldus(indirectobject)thattheclasshadbeencanceled.</p><p>Tellisneverusedwithdirectquotations.</p><p>Tellisusedwithcertainwordsandphrasesinidiomaticexpressions.</p><p>Someonetoldthesecret,andnoweveryoneknows.</p><p>Childrenusuallylearntotelltimeinthesecondgrade.</p><p>Thejudgetoldthewitnesstotellthetruth.</p><p>Theboystoldalieaftertheyhadbrokenthewindow.</p><p>Whencomedianstellajoke,everyoneusuallylaughs.</p><p>Mrs.Rosmantoldherkindergartenclassafunnystory.</p><p>Tomwassoangrythathetoldhisbossoff.</p><p>SEQUENCEOFTENSES</p><p>Thetimerelationshipthatexistsbetweentwoverbsinasentenceiscalled</p><p>sequence of tenses. The verbs say and tell most commonly deal with this</p><p>relationship, because they concern themselves with relating past, present, and</p><p>futureevents.Observethefollowingrulesforselectingthecorrectverbtenses:</p><p>Say Tell</p><p>Joesaysthatheplaystenniseveryday. Joetellsusthatheplaystennisevery</p><p>day.</p><p>Joesaysthatheisplayingtennisnow. Joetellsusthatheisplayingtennis</p><p>now.</p><p>Joesaysthathehasplayedinanumber</p><p>oftournaments.</p><p>Joetellsusthathehasplayedinmany</p><p>tournaments.</p><p>JoesaysthathewillplayatWimbledon</p><p>nextyear.</p><p>Joetellsusthathewillplayat</p><p>Wimbledonnextyear.</p><p>Phyllissaidthatshedrankacupof</p><p>coffeeforluncheveryday.</p><p>Phyllistoldhimthatshedrankacupof</p><p>coffeeforluncheveryday.</p><p>Phyllissaidthatshewasdrinkingacup</p><p>ofcoffeewhenthedoorbellrang.</p><p>Phyllistoldhimthatshewasdrinking</p><p>cupofcoffeewhenthedoorbellrang.</p><p>Phyllissaidthatshehaddrunksome</p><p>coffeeinthecafeteriabeforecoming</p><p>toclass.</p><p>Phyllistoldhimthatshehaddrunk</p><p>somecoffeeinthecafeteriabefore</p><p>comingtoclass.</p><p>Phyllissaidthatshewoulddrinkalot</p><p>ofcoffeewhilestudyingforher</p><p>exams.</p><p>Phyllistoldhimthatshewoulddrink</p><p>lotofcoffeewhilestudyingforher</p><p>exams.</p><p>EXERCISE139</p><p>EXERCISE139</p><p>Circlethecorrectform.</p><p>1.Todd(said,told)usthathewasplanningahuntingtrip.</p><p>2.“Supperisready,”(said,told)thehostess.</p><p>3.Barry(says,tells)thatthereisagoodmovieontelevisiontonight.</p><p>4.Whendidthephotographer(say,tell)youthatthephotographswouldbe</p><p>ready?</p><p>5.Lecturersusually(say,tell)astorybeforetheybegintospeak.</p><p>6.Thewitnesshas(said,told)thetruthabouttheaccident.</p><p>7.“Don’tpointyourfingeratme,”(said,told)Helen.</p><p>8.Cananyone(say,tell)mewhathappenedlastnight?</p><p>9.Mrs.Mullensis(saying,telling)hergrandsonaboutherlifeasachild.</p><p>10.Nobodyhas(said,told)anyonethedetailsoftheproposedtrip.</p><p>EXERCISE140</p><p>Decidewhethereachsentencerequiressayortell.Makeyourverbchoice</p><p>agreewiththetenseoftheotherverbsused.</p><p>1.Thechildreninthefirstgradewerelearning_________time.</p><p>2.Tonyalways_________thathewillarriveontime,butheneverdoes.</p><p>3.NothingSheilaever_________madeanysenseuntilrecently.</p><p>4.LastweekDick_________hisstudentsthattheywouldhavetowritea</p><p>termpaperthissemester.</p><p>5.Andy_________,“Itiscertainlyalovelydayforapicnic.”</p><p>6.Thegovernmentwon’t_________usanythingmoreabouttheproject.</p><p>7.Howlongwillitbebeforetheinterviewer_________ustheresults?</p><p>8.DidCarl_________youthathewasgoingtobuyaboat?</p><p>9.Ed_________thatheplanstogofishingthisweekend.</p><p>10.Thegirls_________thattheirexhibitisbetterthantheboys’.</p><p>In going from direct to indirect speech, many changes take place. The</p><p>quotationmarksareeliminated.Thewordthatisused.Theverbinthequotation</p><p>usuallychangestensetoagreewith theverbin themainclause.Pronounsalso</p><p>changeintheindirectspeech.Observethesepronounchanges:</p><p>Thebosssays,“Iwanteveryonehereat8:00sharp.”</p><p>Thebosssaysthathewantseveryonehereat8:00sharp.</p><p>Mymothersaid,“Youneedtowearyourcoat.”</p><p>MymothersaidthatIneededtowearmycoat.</p><p>Ourmothersaid,“Youneedtowearyourcoats.”</p><p>Ourmothersaidthatweneededtowearourcoats.</p><p>Theverbinthesubordinateclause,too,willdifferaccordingtowhetherthe</p><p>verbisinaquotationorinindirectspeech.</p><p>The examples below demonstrate how using indirect speech affects the</p><p>tense of the subordinate verb. The first three pairs use present-tensemain (or</p><p>speaking) verbs, and the rest use past-tense main verbs. (The words in</p><p>parentheses are the names of the tenses of the subordinate verbs, which are</p><p>underscored.)</p><p>Olgaalwayssays,“Ihavetostudyinthelibrary.”(present)</p><p>Olgaalwayssaysthatshehastostudyinthelibrary.(present)</p><p>Pedrosays,“Iwillbehomelatetonight.”(future)</p><p>Pedrosaysthathewillbehomelatetonight.(future)</p><p>Diosaystotheclass,“Studytheirregularverbs.”(command)</p><p>Diotellstheclasstostudytheirregularverbs.(infinitive)</p><p>Beverlysaid,“Iamlearningtoplaytheguitar.”(presentprogressive)</p><p>Beverlysaidthatshewaslearningtoplaytheguitar.(pastprogressive)</p><p>Dollysaid,“Iwillbakeacakefortheparty.”(future)</p><p>Dollysaidthatshewouldbakeacakefortheparty.(conditional)</p><p>Silvano said, “We have investigated the matter thoroughly.” (present</p><p>perfect)</p><p>Silvanosaidthattheyhadinvestigatedthematterthoroughly.(pastperfect)</p><p>Pavelsaid,“Youowemetwentyfivedollarsforthepainting.”(present)</p><p>PavelsaidthatIowedhim$25forthepainting.(past)</p><p>The doctor said to the patient, “You can play tennis again if you are</p><p>careful.”(present)</p><p>Thedoctortoldhispatientthatshecouldplaytennisagainifshewasmore</p><p>careful.(conditional)</p><p>Marvinsaid,“Wehaveachemistrytesttoday.”(present)</p><p>Marvinsaidthatwehadachemistrytesttoday.(past)</p><p>Eleanorasaid,“Ireadthatbooklastyear.”(past)</p><p>Eleanorasaidthatshehadreadthatbooklastyear.(pastperfect)</p><p>Janesaid,“Writeyournameonyourtimesheetandturnitin.”(command)</p><p>Janesaidtowritemynameonthetimesheetandhanditin.(infinitive)</p><p>NOTE</p><p>Whenyouuseverbsrequestinginformation(ask,inquire),thepattern</p><p>forindirectspeechusuallyuseswhetherorifinsteadofthat.The</p><p>yes/noquestionsnow</p><p>becomeembeddedinthesentence.Donotusea</p><p>questionmarkunlessthewholesentenceisaquestion.Thewordorder</p><p>fortheembeddedquestionalsochanges.</p><p>Directspeech:</p><p>Normalquestion:auxiliary+S+V</p><p>Weasked,“Willtherebeenoughsnowonthemountainsforskiing?”</p><p>Ponce is asking the travel agent, “Will we make a stopover in</p><p>Madeira?”</p><p>Indirectspeech:</p><p>Embeddedquestion:WHETHER/IF+S+V</p><p>Weaskedwhether(if)therewouldbeenoughsnowonthemountains</p><p>forskiing.</p><p>Ponceisaskingthetravelagentif(whether)wewillmakeastopover</p><p>inMadeira.</p><p>The following sentences are questions and require the use of a question</p><p>mark.Noticetheembeddedquestion.</p><p>AreyousurethatDaddywillaskmewhatIwantformybirthday?</p><p>DidhesaywhenGlenwouldarrive?</p><p>Hasanyonetoldyouwherethepartywillbe?</p><p>Didn’twetellhimhowhehadtodressfortheinterview?</p><p>NOTE</p><p>OfteninspokenEnglishandsometimesinwrittenform,thatis</p><p>omittedwithsayconstructions.</p><p>Shesays(that)heishere.Icanfeelhispresence.</p><p>Henrysaid(that)youwouldbehappytoseeus.</p><p>Whenyouseetwoclauseslikethesejoinedwithoutaconjunction,mentally</p><p>insertthatforindirectspeech.</p><p>EXERCISE141:WRITING</p><p>Rewrite these sentences, changing fromdirect speech to indirect speech.</p><p>Refertothetableonpage280ifyouarehavingproblemsdecidingonthe</p><p>correctform.Makeanynecessarychangesaswell.</p><p>Example:Hanksaid,“IwillseeyouonFriday.”</p><p>HanksaidthathewouldseemeonFriday.</p><p>1.Helenasked,“Whereishegoingatthishour?”</p><p>2.Theprojectdirectorsaid,“Wewillraiseenoughmoneytofinish</p><p>constructionofthenewrecreationcenter.”</p><p>3.Dr.Jansensaid,“Yourcaseisunusual.”</p><p>4.Noonemovedwhenthepresidentsaid,“Iamresigningmyoffice.”</p><p>5.Yolandainquired,“Whatkindofjobisit?”</p><p>6.Columbosaid,“Iwonderwherethemurderweaponis.”</p><p>7.Intomorrow’sspeech,theambassadorwillsay,“Weneedtonegotiate</p><p>thistreaty.”</p><p>8.Dannyaskedhisteacher,“Whenwilltheexambe?”</p><p>9.MarkAntonysaid,“IhavecometoburyCaesar,nottopraisehim.”</p><p>10.“DoesHarlanknowhowtofillinthesetaxforms?”askedSaundra.</p><p>11.“Whatcanwedotoimprovethepark?”askedthemayor.</p><p>12.Thestrikerssaid,“Wewillnotreturnuntilworkingconditionsimprove.”</p><p>13.“HowsillyDebralooksinthatdress!”saidtheoldlady.</p><p>14.“There’snothingleftforustodo,”saidtheunhappyfloodvictims.</p><p>15.Florainsistedbysaying,“Iwilldiscussthismatterwithyoursupervisor</p><p>immediately.”</p><p>16.Miloalwayssays,“Nobodyunderstandsme.”</p><p>17.Thepolicemansaid,“I’mafraidIwillhavetogiveyouaticketfor</p><p>speeding.”</p><p>EXERCISE142</p><p>Ifanindirectobjectisindicatedinparentheses,changetheverbtotelland</p><p>incorporatetheindirectobjectintothesentence.</p><p>Example:Solangesaid,“Iwillbereturningtomycountrynextmonth.”</p><p>(classmates)</p><p>Solange told her classmates that shewould be returning to</p><p>hercountrynextmonth.</p><p>1.Janesaid,“Iplanonattendingthemeeting?”(me)</p><p>2.AfamousAmericanpatriotsaid,“Don’tfireuntilyouseethewhitesof</p><p>theireyes.”(hissoldiers)</p><p>3.Thecustomsinspectorsaid,“Openthatlargesuitcase.”(us)</p><p>4.Thebossreplied,“Ifyouworkveryhard,youwillbepromotedsoon.”</p><p>(Thomas)</p><p>5.Thewitnessreplied,“Ihavenothingmoretosay.”(judge)</p><p>6.Trudyissaying,“Thejudges’decisionwillbefinal.”(contestants)</p><p>7.Therestaurantmanagersaid,“Iamsorrythatyoudidnotenjoyyourveal</p><p>cutlet.”(customer)</p><p>8.Kerrysaid,“Thecompanyhastoconcentrateonfindingasolutiontothe</p><p>problem.”(agroupofphysicists)</p><p>EXERCISE143:WRITING</p><p>Change the following paragraph to indirect speech.Make any necessary</p><p>tenseandpronounchanges.Changesaidtotoldiffollowedbyto+indirect</p><p>object.</p><p>YesterdayCarlosandIwenttovisitsomefriendsofours.Whilewewere</p><p>there,ourhostsaid,“Iwanttomakeanadditiontomyhouse,andIam</p><p>lookingforsomeonetohelpmewiththeproject.”Carlosreplied,“Iam</p><p>interestedinyourproject,andwillgladlyhelpyouwithit.”</p><p>Afterhearingthat,ourhostsaidtoCarlos,“Iwillshowyouexactlywhat</p><p>Iplantodo,andyoucangivemesomesuggestionsonhowtodoit.”</p><p>Whilethemenwerelookingatthehouse,ourhostesstookmeintotheir</p><p>greenhouseandshowedmeherlovelycollectionofplants.Shesaidtome,</p><p>“Thisisthefirstyearthatallofmyplantshavebloomed.”Ithenaskedher,</p><p>“Doesn’tthecoldbotherthem?”Shereplied,“Ihadasmallgasheater</p><p>installedtouseoncoldnights.”</p><p>Weallwentinsidetodiscussplansforthenewproject.</p><p>EXERCISE144</p><p>Circlethecorrectanswer.</p><p>1.Thepainter(said,told)mymotherthathewouldpaintthedoorgreen.</p><p>2.Victor(said,told)thathehadalreadygivenhisbrotherthekeystothe</p><p>car.</p><p>3.Themailman(said,told)usnottoputbigpackagesinthebox.</p><p>4.Jose’scoachcalledand(said,told)himthatthebaseballgamehadbeen</p><p>canceled.</p><p>5.Pasquale(said,told)hisdaughterasecretthatshekeptfortenyears.</p><p>6.Jody(said,told),“Ihaveadentalappointmentinonehour.”</p><p>7.TheSpanishteachercan’t(say,tell)ajokeinEnglish.</p><p>8.Thetourist(said,told)aliethatthecustomsofficialdetectedatonce.</p><p>9.Manylittlechildrencan’t(say,tell)time.</p><p>10.Thelecturer(said,told)thataslidepresentationwouldfollowistalk.</p><p>11.Cory(said,told)usatruestoryaboutoneofhisexpeditionsto</p><p>Guatemala.</p><p>12.Bridget(said,told)thetruthdespitetheconsequences.</p><p>13.NowRufus(says,tells)thathewantstogotothemovies.</p><p>14.Theanthropologistalways(says,tells)hisaudienceajokebefore</p><p>beginninghislecture.</p><p>15.Someone(said,told)methatwewouldbemovingtoanotherofficesoon.</p><p>16.Randy(said,told)thathewasoutofbreathbecausehehadrunsofast.</p><p>17.Allison(said,told),“IwishIhadmyowntelephone.”</p><p>18.Bruce’sparents(said,told)thattheywereverypleasedwiththeirson’s</p><p>grades.</p><p>19.Liana(said,told)thatherdaughterwasgettingadollforChristmas.</p><p>20.Michael’suncle(said,told)himthathewouldhelphimbuyacar.</p><p>EXERCISE145:WRITING</p><p>Change each sentence to a direct statement. Remember the rules for</p><p>sequenceoftenses.</p><p>Example:GlentoldhisfriendsthathewashavingapartyonSaturday</p><p>night.</p><p>Answer:Glensaid,“IamhavingapartyonSaturdaynight.”</p><p>1.TheprofessortoldTomthattheclasswouldmeetat11.</p><p>2.MyfriendsaidthattheyweregoingtoEuropeforthespring.</p><p>3.Johnsaidthathealwaysfeltbetterinthemorning.</p><p>4.Marysaidthatshewasgoingtothedancetonight.</p><p>5.ThesecretarytoldMr.Jonesthatsherememberedmailingtheletter.</p><p>6.Frank’sdaughtertoldhimthatherfriendhadgraduatedwithhonors.</p><p>7.Thedoctortoldthenursethatheneededherhelp.</p><p>8.Johnaskedwherewehadgoneonourvacationlastmonth.</p><p>9.Thelawyeraskedwherethecourthousewas.</p><p>10.Thestudentsaskedwhentheclasswouldbegin.</p><p>EXERCISE146:WRITING</p><p>Changeeachsentencetoindirectspeech.</p><p>Example: The teacher said, “Class, there will be an exam next</p><p>Wednesday.”</p><p>Answer: The teacher told the class that therewould be an exam on</p><p>Wednesday.</p><p>1.Ourneighborssaid,“Wearegoingtobuyanewcar.”</p><p>2.Thepoliticiansaid,“Povertywillbeabolished.”</p><p>3.Theprofessorsaid,“Thestudentsareallpresent.”</p><p>4.ThelawyersaystoMr.Green,“IthinkIcanhelpyou.”</p><p>5.Thesenatorwillsaytohisconstituents,“Iaminterestedin</p><p>conservation.”</p><p>6.Theguestsaidtothehostess,“Yourdinnerisdelicious.”</p><p>7.Thecoachsaidtotheplayers,“Youhavetopracticemore.”</p><p>8.MaryaskedJohn,“Doyouenjoyclassicalmusic?”</p><p>9.Thewaitressaskedme,“Areyoureadytoorder?”</p><p>10.Thediplomatasked,“Hasthemeetingbegunyet?”</p><p>EXERCISE147</p><p>Decidewhichoftheunderlineditemsisincorrect.</p><p>1.Althoughtheorganizationbeself-sufficient,itisinneedofvolunteers</p><p>to</p><p>helpcarryoutitsnewprojects.</p><p>A.be</p><p>Althoughtheorganization</p><p>B.inneedof</p><p>C.tohelpcarry</p><p>D.its</p><p>2.Thecauseoftheairplanecrashcanhavebeenamalfunctioningright</p><p>propeller.</p><p>A.Thecause</p><p>B.can</p><p>C.a</p><p>D.malfunctioning</p><p>3.Havingwentonapicnicyesterday,wepickedwildflowersinthepark.</p><p>A.went</p><p>B.a</p><p>C.picked</p><p>D.the</p><p>4.Itmustberaininglastnight,becausetherearelargepuddlesaroundthe</p><p>yard.</p><p>A.beraining</p><p>B.there</p><p>C.large</p><p>D.aroundtheyard</p><p>5.Thedirectorwasdependonhisstafftogetallthereportstothe</p><p>stockholdersbeforethedeadline.</p><p>A.wasdepend</p><p>B.toget</p><p>C.tothestockholders</p><p>D.the</p><p>6.Weheardthatourfriendswonthedean’sawardforexcellencein</p><p>contributionstotheeducationalprogram.</p><p>A.that</p><p>B.won</p><p>C.for</p><p>D.tothe</p><p>7.Martatoldherteacherthatshealreadyreadtheassignedbookandasked</p><p>herforanotherassignment.</p><p>A.herteacher</p><p>B.alreadyread</p><p>C.assigned</p><p>D.another</p><p>8.Petewashavingtheequivalentofacollegedegreewithallhiswork</p><p>experienceinthatfieldandhison-the-jobtraining.</p><p>A.washaving</p><p>B.collegedegree</p><p>C.workexperience</p><p>D.on-the-job</p><p>9.Ifthemusicianswouldn’thaveplayedsoloudly,theaudiencewould</p><p>haveenjoyedthepresentationmore.</p><p>A.the</p><p>B.wouldn’thaveplayed</p><p>C.loudly</p><p>D.enjoyed</p><p>10.Whenacatishappy,itwilllaydownwithitsfrontpawstuckedunderits</p><p>chestandpurrwithitseyesclosed.</p><p>A.it</p><p>B.lay</p><p>C.under</p><p>D.closed</p><p>11.Theplayerstrytomakeasfewcontactaspossiblewiththeopposing</p><p>teamtoavoidpenalties.</p><p>A.tomake</p><p>B.few</p><p>C.opposing</p><p>D.penalties</p><p>12.Houseslookespeciallynicewhentheyhavebeenbuildedatthefootof</p><p>themountainsorclosetoaflowingstreamorriver.</p><p>A.especially B. when C. builded D. flowing</p><p>13.Neithertheboysnortheirsoccercoachhaveseenthecaptainorthe</p><p>membersoftheopposingteamssincetheyarrived.</p><p>A.have</p><p>B.opposing</p><p>C.since</p><p>D.arrived</p><p>14.Beforewecanlayoutthepatternandcutthismaterial,someoneneeds</p><p>sharpenthesedullscissors.</p><p>A.layout</p><p>B.cut</p><p>C.sharpen</p><p>D.these</p><p>15.WouldTedhavedonethatifheknewtheconsequencesbeforehestarted</p><p>tocampaignforthepresidency?</p><p>A.done</p><p>B.knew</p><p>C.started</p><p>D.forthepresidency</p><p>16.Thechildrenpromisedtheirparentstonoteatthecakewhiletheywere</p><p>goneandwaituntilaftersupper.</p><p>A.their</p><p>B.tonoteat</p><p>C.weregone</p><p>D.untilafter</p><p>17.Ellen’saccustomedtointerpretforherforeignstudentswhentheyhave</p><p>problemsunderstandingthegrammarandvocabulary.</p><p>A.tointerpret</p><p>B.when</p><p>C.have</p><p>D.understanding</p><p>TestonVerbs</p><p>ReadthefollowingstoryaboutHans’shospitalvisitanddecidewhetherthe</p><p>underlinedverbistheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.Somearecorrectas</p><p>written.Multiplechoiceanswersfollowthestory.</p><p>VisitingtheEmergencyRoom</p><p>LastweekmyfriendHansfellwhileheplayedsoccerandinjuredhisleg.</p><p>(2)HewasinsomuchpainthatIsuggestedthathegotothehospital.(3)</p><p>Hanswasafraidthattheywouldkeephimthere,andbecausehecouldnot</p><p>speakthelanguagewell,hewouldnotbeabletocommunicatewiththe</p><p>doctorsandnurses.(4)Iassuredhimthatthatwasnotthecase,andthathe</p><p>wouldgetverygoodtreatmentintheemergencyroom.(5)Hanswantedto</p><p>gotothepharmacytogetsomepainkillersandthentogohomeandrest.(6)</p><p>Iexplainedthathecouldnotgetpainkillersoverthecounter,andthathe</p><p>needsadoctor’sprescription.</p><p>(7)Whenwearrivedatthehospital,thereweresevenpeoplewaiting</p><p>withvariousproblems:largebleedingcutovertheeye,abrokenarm,food</p><p>poisoning,andafewotherundisclosedmedicalproblems.(8)ItellHans</p><p>thathewouldhavetospeaktothereceptionistfirst.(9)Finally,anolder</p><p>reassuringwomancalledhisname,andwegouptoherdesk.</p><p>(10)Firstofall,sheaskedtoseehisinsurancecardandID.(11)She</p><p>askedhisname,address,andphonenumberandwhatiswrongwithhim.</p><p>(12)Shegiveshimafour-pagequestionnairetofillout.</p><p>(13)Hanswasupsetbecausehehastoanswersomanyquestions.(14)</p><p>Hedidn’tthinkthattohavechickenpox,mumps,andpastoperationswhen</p><p>hewaslittlemadeanydifferencenow.(15)Hecouldnotunderstandwhy</p><p>theywantedtoknowabouthisfamily’smedicalhistoryaswell.(16)He</p><p>laughedloudlywhenhereadsthequestions“Areyoupregnantordoyou</p><p>thinkyoumightbepregnant?”“Areyoutakinganyillegaldrugs?”(17)He</p><p>wonderedhowmanypeoplewouldhonestlyadmittotakingthesedrugs!!</p><p>(18)Hansreturnedthequestionnairetothereceptionistandwaswaited</p><p>histurn.(19)Hansbecomesupsetafterwaitingfortwohours.(20)Finally,</p><p>hesawthedoctor,whosaysthathewasluckytohaveonlyasprainedknee.</p><p>(21)Thedoctorgavehimanicepackandsomepainpillsandtoldhimto</p><p>keephislegelevatedandtoputtheicepackontoreducetheswelling.</p><p>(22)TwoweekslaterHanswillreceiveabillfromthehospital.(23)He</p><p>wasgladthathisinsurancepaidthe$250andallhehadtopaywas$30!</p><p>WhatanexpensivevisitandanotherlessoninAmericanculturalshock!!</p><p>1.A.wasplaying B.played C.plays</p><p>2.A.goes B.go C.went</p><p>3.A.wouldkeep B.willkeep C.werekeeping</p><p>4.A.willget B.wouldget C.wouldhavegotten</p><p>5.A.go B.togo C.going</p><p>6.A.wouldneed B.needs C.wasneeding</p><p>7.A.towait B.waiting C.waswaited</p><p>8.A.tell B.wastelling C.told</p><p>9.A.go B.wouldgo C.went</p><p>10.A.tosee B.saw C.see</p><p>11.A.is B.was C.hadbeen</p><p>12.A.gives B.gave C.hadgiven</p><p>13.A.has B.had C.washaving</p><p>14.A.tohave B.having C.had</p><p>15.A.can B.could C.couldhave</p><p>16.A.reads B.read C.willread</p><p>17.A.wouldadmit B.willadmit C.wereadmitting</p><p>18.A.waswaited B.waited C.waiting</p><p>19.A.becomes B.became C.willbecome</p><p>20.A.said B.says C.hadsaid</p><p>21.A.keep B.keeping C.tokeep</p><p>22.A.willreceive B.hasreceived C.received</p><p>23.A.hadpaid B.paid C.willpay</p><p>ESL</p><p>CHAPTER11</p><p>Test-Taking</p><p>Techniques</p><p>Chapter11</p><p>TEST-TAKINGTECHNIQUES</p><p>Time management is probably the most important thing to consider in</p><p>preparing for tests.Your review can take place a number ofways: immediate</p><p>review after class, short daily reviews, and final review. If you reviewwithin</p><p>sevenhoursofyourclass,youaremorelikelytorememberthematerialthanif</p><p>youwait aweekormore.Research shows that ifyoudono reviewwithin24</p><p>hours,youcouldforgetasmuchas80percentofwhatyoulearned.Ideallyyou</p><p>should reviewall thematerial for shortperiodseveryday inorder tokeep the</p><p>ideas fresh inyourmind. Inaddition, try tosetupasystemofkeywords that</p><p>willhelpyouwiththedifferentcoursesyouaretaking.</p><p>You can deviseacronyms, newwords formed by using the first letter of</p><p>otherwords, to remember some of the concepts. The following acronyms are</p><p>usedindifferentclassestohelpstudentstorememberandtopreparefortests.</p><p>ROYGBIVwillhelpinartclasstorememberthevisiblecolorspectrum:</p><p>red,orange,yellow,green,blue,indigo,violet</p><p>CHONPSwillhelpinchemistrytorememberthegasesintheatmosphere:</p><p>carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,phosphorus,sulfur</p><p>PIHEC inbiologywill helpwith the scientificmethod: state theproblem,</p><p>gather information, create a hypothesis (theory), perform an</p><p>experiment,drawyourconclusion</p><p>PEMDAS represents the order forworking algebra problems: parenthesis,</p><p>exponents,multiply,divide,add,subtract</p><p>IPMAT in biology shows steps to remember in stages of cell division:</p><p>Interphase,prophase,metaphase,anaphase,telophase</p><p>FOILinalgebrashowstheprocessofmultiplyingbinomialsandtrinomials:</p><p>first,outer,inner,last</p><p>FACEtorememberthenotesonamusicstaffthatfallbetweenthelines</p><p>WEDDING is a concept used by someSpanish teachers to help students</p><p>rememberwhichcategoriesofverbsrequirethesubjunctivemood:</p><p>Wishing,</p><p>Emotion, Doubt, Denial, Impersonal Expressions,</p><p>Imperative,andIndefiniteAntecedents,NegativeAntecedents,and</p><p>Gustar</p><p>HOMEShelpsrememberthenamesoftheGreatLakes:</p><p>Huron,Ontario,Michigan,Erie,Superior</p><p>Each of the above-mentioned groups spells a word, sometimes a</p><p>nonexistentword,thatwillhelpyourememberaconcept.</p><p>Anothermemorydeviceiscalledanacrostic.Heresentencesarecreatedby</p><p>making words stand for the first latter of each element you are trying to</p><p>remember.</p><p>KHDODCMishelpfulwhenworkingwiththemetricsystem:</p><p>Kids Have Dropped Over Dead Converting Metrics [Kilometers,</p><p>Hectares,Decameters,Others (meters, liters, grams),Decimeters,</p><p>Centimeters,Millimeters]</p><p>EGBDFforrememberingthenotesonthestafflinesinmusic:</p><p>EveryGoodBoyDoesFine</p><p>ARITHMETICtospellthewordcorrectly,manyusethissentence:</p><p>ARatInTom’sHouseMayEatTom’sIceCream</p><p>Repetition is the best review. If you are going to be writing essay-type</p><p>exams,youneedspecialpreparations.Inhistory,arthistory,orliteratureexams,</p><p>whereyouneedtolearnmanydates,names,orstyles,youneedtofindabetter</p><p>waytostudy.Whenyouaretakingaliteratureexam,youmightwanttosetupa</p><p>chartthatlookslikethefollowinginordertocoverallthematerialstudied.From</p><p>theinformationonthechart,youcouldwriteagoodessaytocompare,contrast,</p><p>describe,showcauseandeffect,ordevelopagiventopic.Ataglanceyoucan</p><p>recallthewholeworkstudied.</p><p>Forhistory,youmightsetuponethatlookslikethis:</p><p>Forarthistory,somethinglikethismightbeappropriate:</p><p>Reviewingthesechartseverynightwillhelpyourecalleverythingstudied</p><p>inclass.Itwillbealoteasierthantryingtoreviewparagraphafterparagraphon</p><p>everypage.</p><p>Anotherway toprepare for essay exams is to set up studygroups of no</p><p>morethanfivemembers.Assigndifferenttopicstoeach.Thisway,individually</p><p>youwill become an expert on your topic, and you can “teach” everyone else.</p><p>Shareyour“expert”notessothateveryoneelsebecomesanexpert.Meetatleast</p><p>onetimeperweektoshare,andtwotimesperweekjustbeforethetest.Quizone</p><p>another.</p><p>Askyour instructorwhat the testwill be like (fill-ins, true/false,multiple</p><p>choice,definitions,essays),andprepareaccordingly.Ifyouwillbehavingessay</p><p>tests,onceyoucreatesomepossiblequestions,takethetimetowriteessay-type</p><p>answers.Predictingquestionscanbeeasyifyoufollowthesesteps.Bypaying</p><p>closeattention inclass,youcanpickuponanumberofcues thatwillhelp to</p><p>develop techniques for creating your own questions that might appear on the</p><p>test. Observe your instructors as they present the material. If they repeat</p><p>material, you shouldwritewhat they say.When theywrite informationon the</p><p>board,youknowitisimportant.Itcouldincludenames,dates,places,formulas,</p><p>math problems, charts, or diagrams. Writing this information with different-</p><p>coloredinkswillmakeitstandoutfromtherestofyournotesandhelpyouto</p><p>remember.Alsowatchyour instructors’gesturesandmovements,because they</p><p>couldbeacluetowhatisimportant.Ifinstructorsraisetheirvoices,theymust</p><p>want you to note something important. Take notes on what your instructors</p><p>emphasize in class. Look in your text to seewhat is written in bold print, in</p><p>largerprint, inadifferentcolor,or inaspecialboxorchartandsetapartfrom</p><p>othermaterial.All of these canhelpyoupredict test questions, preparebetter,</p><p>andreceivehighergrades.</p><p>Create flash cards (use 3" × 5" cards or pieces of paper) that have</p><p>questionsononesideandanswersontheother,vocabularywordsforspellingor</p><p>translation, formulas formath and science, examples ofmathproblems and/or</p><p>theories.Youcanalwayscarrythemwithyouandreviewthemwhenyouhavea</p><p>fewminutes.</p><p>Nowthatyouhavestudiedall thematerials,youneed tobecomefamiliar</p><p>with the terminologyon the test. Somecommonwords areanalyze, compare,</p><p>contrast, explain, define, describe, and discuss. Each one asks you to do</p><p>something different. When your instructor asks you to contrast and you</p><p>describe, you probablywon’t get full credit, if any, for your answer. Look at</p><p>these terms to seewhatyour instructorwouldwantyou todo.Remember that</p><p>whenyouareaskedtowriteanessayonanexam,youwillprobablybewriting</p><p>one or twowell-developedparagraphs, not twoor three pages, unless you are</p><p>writingforacompositionclass.</p><p>Analyze</p><p>Breakdownthemainideaintosmallerpartsandexamineeachone.</p><p>Example:AnalyzethecausesofthefalloftheRomanEmpire.</p><p>Youwould list about sixor seven causes and explain inmoredetail how</p><p>eachwasresponsibleforthecollapseoftheempire.</p><p>Compare</p><p>Showsimilaritiesintwoormoreelements.</p><p>Example:ComparethepoetryofJohnKeatsandLordByron.</p><p>Mentioningseveralpoemsthatyouhavestudied,youwouldwritespecific</p><p>informationthatwouldshowhowtheyarethesame(theme,location,style,etc.).</p><p>Contrast</p><p>Showdifferencesintwoorthreeelements.</p><p>Example:ContrastthephysicalgeographyofAlaskaandHawaii.</p><p>Aftermaking a short list of the geographical features of both states, you</p><p>wouldemphasizethedifferencesbetweenthetwo.</p><p>Explain</p><p>Developanideamorefully;suggestreasonsforspecifichappenings.</p><p>Example:Explainsomeof the theories for thedeclineof theMayan</p><p>civilizationinCentralAmerica.</p><p>Aftermakingashortlistofreasons,youwouldwriteacoupleofsentences</p><p>that would show how each of these reasons was in part responsible for the</p><p>decline.</p><p>Define</p><p>Identify;providethemeaningofcertainterms.</p><p>Example: Define the following terms: binomials, trinomials, and</p><p>primenumbers.</p><p>Youneedtowriteashort(usuallyoneortwosentences)definitionforeach</p><p>oftheterms.Thistypeisdifferentfromtheothers,becausetheemphasisisona</p><p>shortanswer.</p><p>Describe</p><p>Providemanydetails.</p><p>Example:Describethemosteffectivewaytoprepareforyouralgebra</p><p>finalexam.</p><p>Indicate, by using details in a step-by-step process, how you would get</p><p>readyforthetest.</p><p>Discuss</p><p>Lookatfavorableandunfavorableaspectsofaparticularissue.</p><p>Example:DiscussGeorgeW.Bush’s political platform for the 2000</p><p>presidentialelection.</p><p>Youcouldmentionanumberofissuespresentedintheplatformandexplain</p><p>whytheyaregoodorbad(flawed)orcompareandcontrastthemandtheireffect</p><p>onsocietyandhowGeorgeW.Bushisabletocarrythemout.</p><p>As you can see, there is a certain strategy for answering essay-type</p><p>questions, and your preparation requires a more detailed review than just</p><p>knowingalotoffacts.Youneedtosortyourideasanddevelopthetopic.Make</p><p>sure that you understandwhat you have to do. If you do not know, ask your</p><p>instructorforclarification.</p><p>Beforeyoubegintowriteyouressay,dosomebrainstorming—thinkabout</p><p>thetopic,andwritedownyourthoughtsandwhatyouknowaboutit—enoughso</p><p>that youwill have sufficient information to develop the topic. Then prepare a</p><p>briefoutline,whichwillsetupaplanformakingyourideasflowsmoothlyand</p><p>logically.Nowyouarereadytoanswertheessayquestion.Budgetyourtimeso</p><p>thatyouhaveenoughtimetofinishandproofreadandrevise.Skiplinessothat</p><p>youhaveenoughroomtoaddinformationafteryouhaveproofreadyouranswer.</p><p>Ifyouhavefill-ins,multiple-choice,andessayquestionsonthesameexam,</p><p>do the first two beforewriting the essay. Figure out howmuch time youwill</p><p>needforeachsection,andsticktothoselimits.First,dotheonesthatyouknow</p><p>well, and then do the rest. That way you</p><p>will have a better chance to score</p><p>higher.</p><p>Outsidethetestingcenter,whenyouhavefinishedandwhilethetestisstill</p><p>freshinyourmind,writedownthequestionstorefertothemforfuturetestsin</p><p>caseyourinstructorallowsyoutokeepyourtests.Alsoreviewyournotestosee</p><p>whetheryouhavedevelopedthequestionsasfullyasyoushouldhave.Themore</p><p>essay-type tests you take, themore familiar youwill becomewithwhat your</p><p>instructorswantyoutodoandthebetteryouwillperformonthistypeoftest.</p><p>TESTTYPES</p><p>There are many types of tests given today, from the most common and</p><p>widelyusedmultiple-choice type to themoreobscureessay type.Each testing</p><p>instrument requires a different amount of preparation and involves varying</p><p>degreesofmemoryrecall.Mostof thestandardizedtestsgiventoday—suchas</p><p>theCollegeLevelAcademicSkillsTest(CLAST),TestofEnglishasaForeign</p><p>Language (TOEFL), GED (Graduate Equivalency Diploma) tests, and other</p><p>college entrance examinations—are totally or at least partly multiple choice.</p><p>Understandingthetypesoftestsandwhatknowledgeeachisdesignedtoassess</p><p>willassistyougreatlynotonlyinthepreparationbutalsoinactuallytakingthe</p><p>test.</p><p>Listedbelowarethenamesofsomeofthemostcommonlyusedtesttypes,</p><p>followedbyabriefexplanationandsuggestionsand ideasonhowtostudyfor</p><p>andtakeeachtype.</p><p>MultipleChoice</p><p>Thistesttypeisbaseduponthememorizationofrelevantfacts,dates,short</p><p>definitions or clues, statements of fact, brief descriptions, or complex</p><p>mathematical problem solving.These tests are usually designed to test factual</p><p>information.Themostcommonquestionsarethoseaskingforactualanswersto</p><p>theproblem/questiongiven.Theotherquestionformatprovidesastatementand</p><p>yourdecisionastowhetheritistrueorfalse.Inallmultiple-choicetestformats,</p><p>youwillseethestatement/questionsfirstandthenaseriesofpossibleanswers.</p><p>WhatisthecapitaloftheUnitedStatesofAmerica?</p><p>(a)Delaware</p><p>(b)Miami</p><p>(c)Washington,D.C.</p><p>(d)SanAntonio [Correctanswer:(c)]</p><p>Sharksareplant-eatingfishfoundintheocean.</p><p>(a)True</p><p>(b)False [Correctanswer:(b)]</p><p>Inanumberofmultiple-choicetests,thelistofpossibleanswersincludesa</p><p>choiceof“noneoftheabove”forquestionsinwhichnoneoftheanswerslisted</p><p>arecorrect.</p><p>WhichwasoneoftheshipsusedbyChristopher</p><p>Columbus?</p><p>(a)LaPinta</p><p>(b)Voyager</p><p>(c)SeaLady</p><p>(d)Martina</p><p>(e)Noneoftheabove [Correctanswer:(a)]</p><p>StudyGuide</p><p>Studyone-worddefinitions,rules,mathematicalprinciples,importantdates,</p><p>specificterminology,andstatementoffacts.</p><p>Test-TakingHint</p><p>Readthequestionorstatementandallthepossibleanswerslistedfirst,and</p><p>thenselecttheanswer.</p><p>Fortrue/falsetests,identify“catchwords,”suchasall,only,occasionally,</p><p>never,always.Ifthesewordsareused,noexceptioncaneverbepresent.</p><p>ThesunneverrisesinAlaska.</p><p>(a)True</p><p>(b)False [Correctanswer:(b)]</p><p>Examine the statement(s) of fact given for any inconsistencies. Do not</p><p>guess,ifatallpossible.</p><p>NOTE</p><p>Somemultiple-choicetestsincludeapenaltyforguessing.Thatis,the</p><p>percentagecorrectiscalculatedbyusingthetotalnumberofanswers</p><p>dividedbythenumberofcorrect.Teststhatdonotpenalizeguessing</p><p>arescoredaccordingtothetotalnumberofpossibleanswersdivided</p><p>bythetotalnumbercorrect.</p><p>Matching</p><p>This type of testing instrument also provides both the questions and the</p><p>possible answers. Usually the questions or answers are given in scrambled</p><p>fashion. You select the answer from the choices given and “match” it to the</p><p>question.Mostmatchingtypetestsprovidetwocolumns—onewithdefinitions,</p><p>statements,orcluesand theotherwithall thepossibleanswers. Inmany tests,</p><p>moreanswersthanquestionsareprovided,inanefforttochallengethetesttaker.</p><p>The following is a sample of one of the most commonly usedmatching</p><p>tests,includingtheinstructions.</p><p>FindthenameinColumnBthatbestidentifiestheinformationinColumn</p><p>A.Noneofthelettersmayberepeated,andtherewillbetwoextranames.</p><p>Writeyouransweronthelinesinthemargin.</p><p>Amoredifficulttypeofmatchingprovidesastatementthatcontainsblanks</p><p>indicating that some of the information or facts are missing. The answers</p><p>providealistofthepossible“fillers.”Thequestionsareusuallyansweredbythe</p><p>processofelimination.</p><p>Thereareusuallyafewextrasprovided;therefore,youmustbecarefulnot</p><p>toconfuseanyoftheanswers.Onceyouuseoneofthecorrectanswers,youwill</p><p>getanotheronewrong,becauseyoucannotrepeatanyoneofthechoices.</p><p>In the column at the right, youwill find the answers to these statements.</p><p>Writeintheword(s)inthespacesprovided.Donotrepeatanyanswers.</p><p>Amoredifficultversionofthefill-inprovidesnoanswercluesandrequires</p><p>studentstobewellversedinthematerialinordertowritetheanswers.Thistype</p><p>isverycommonontests.</p><p>Inthespacesprovided,fillintheanswerstothefollowingstatements.</p><p>StudyGuide</p><p>Study definitions or descriptions that contain one-word “clues,” dates of</p><p>majorevents,rules,andtitles.</p><p>Test-TakingHints</p><p>First read thequestionorstatement,and thenbecareful to readallof the</p><p>choiceslistedasonemaybemorecorrectthantheother.</p><p>Asyoufinisheachquestion,“checkoff”or“crossout” thechoiceof the</p><p>answeryouusedtomakesureyoudonotrepeatthatanswer.</p><p>ShortAnswer</p><p>Thisformoftestinvolvestheuseofafragmentofasentence,apartialfact</p><p>oraquestionorquestionsrequiringyoutoidentifyordescriberelevantfactsor</p><p>information.Manyshortanswertestsuseisolatedquestionsbasedonaparticular</p><p>chapterorstory.</p><p>Provideabriefsentenceorsentencestodefineordescribetheinformation</p><p>requestedbelow.</p><p>1.HowdidLouisPasteurdiscoveracureforsmallpox?</p><p>2.Whyshouldyoubecarefulwhensiphoningasolutioninapipette?</p><p>3.Whatcausesweightlessnessonthemoon?</p><p>Amoreadvancedtypeoftestrequiringtotalrecallisoneinwhichyoumust</p><p>identifydifferentitems.Theseinvolvenamesofpeoplewithwhomweassociate</p><p>dates, places, and events, or terms thatwemust define. These usually require</p><p>shortanswers.</p><p>Identifythefollowingmusicalterms:</p><p>(1)chorus</p><p>(2)cantusplanus</p><p>(3)acappella</p><p>(4)polyphony</p><p>(5)contrapunto</p><p>Many short-answer tests requireyou to readapassageand thenanswer a</p><p>seriesofquestionsrelevanttotheinformationprovidedinthepassage.Hereare</p><p>threequestionsbasedonapassagethatwouldhavebeenprovidedonthetest:</p><p>1.WhydidChristopherColumbusapplytheterm“Indians”tothepeople</p><p>withreddishskinthathemetintheNewWorld?</p><p>2.WhydidQueenIsabellaofSpainprovideChristopherColumbuswith</p><p>funds,supplies,andmenandgiveherconsenttohissailingtotheNew</p><p>World?</p><p>3.HowdidColumbusobtainthemembersofhiscrew?</p><p>StudyGuide</p><p>Familiarizeyourselfwithalltherelevantfactsregardingthemainthemeor</p><p>topicyouwererequestedtostudy.</p><p>When reviewing themes, rules or terms, outline the main concepts and</p><p>identify key words that will assist you in remembering the necessary</p><p>information.</p><p>Test-TakingHints</p><p>Whenyouanswerquestionsrelatingtoapassage,readallofthequestions</p><p>first, because this will give an idea of the kind of information you will be</p><p>looking for.Asyoubegin to read thepassage,underlinekeyphrasesorwords</p><p>that you think the questions refer to or that will aid you in answering the</p><p>questions.</p><p>For short-answer definitions or those listed as “identify,” be sure to give</p><p>only the information you were asked for. Do not provide excessive details,</p><p>because</p><p>youmayendupnotevenansweringthequestion.</p><p>Essay</p><p>Essayquestionsaresimilartoshortansweronesinthatyouarerequiredto</p><p>write your response. However, essays are usually much longer, require many</p><p>more details, and involve thought processes such as reasoning, evaluation, or</p><p>comparison.Unlessyouknowthematerialextremelywell,thesetesttypeswill</p><p>beverydifficultforyou.</p><p>Writeashortessayononlytwoofthesetopics:</p><p>1.CompareandcontrasttheAztecandIncacivilizations,payingparticular</p><p>attentiontosocialstructure,artsandcrafts,writtenlanguage,</p><p>architecture,andeducation.</p><p>2.Explainwhymanyprimitivecivilizationsdiedoutafteraperiodoftime.</p><p>3.WhatmadeHagiaSofiainConstantinoplesuchanarchitectural</p><p>achievement?</p><p>4.ComparetheconquestsofAlexandertheGreatinthefourthcenturyB.C.</p><p>withthoseofAdolfHitler.</p><p>StudyGuide</p><p>Becomeveryfamiliarwiththesubjectmatterbeingtested.</p><p>Thinkofpossibleessayquestionsandpossibleanswers.</p><p>Outlinemajortopicareastomakeiteasiertomemorizerelevantfactsthat</p><p>willassistyouinrememberingthemajorpointsorkeyissues.</p><p>Test-TakingHints</p><p>First read all of the questions completely. This gives you an idea of the</p><p>scopeofthetest.Thenrereadallquestionsandunderlinethekeywords,suchas</p><p>list,describe,Identify,compareandcontrast,andexplain.</p><p>Pay close attention to the directions. If you are given an option, choose</p><p>yourscarefully.Answerfirsttheeasiestone(s).</p><p>Donotbegintowriteanddon’tcorrectyourgrammarandspellingasyou</p><p>go. First write, and then, only after you have answered all of the required</p><p>questions,gobackandreviseandedit.</p><p>Determinetheweightorpointsforeachquestion,andusethistogaugethe</p><p>contentandlengthofeachanswer.Donotwritealotandspendtoomuchtime</p><p>onquestionsthatcarryverylittleweight.</p><p>Answeronlythatwhichisaskedofyou;donotfabricateorcreateanswers.</p><p>Simplyanswerthequestion.</p><p>NOTE-TAKINGSKILLS</p><p>BeforetheLecture</p><p>• Learntotakegoodnotes.Donot trytowritedowneverythingyouhear</p><p>duringalecture.</p><p>• Watchadocumentaryontelevisionandtakenotesforpractice.</p><p>• Watchthenewsandsummarizealltheinformationpresented.</p><p>• Attendlecturesinthecommunityandtakenotes.</p><p>• Listentopoliticalcampaigners.</p><p>• Ifyour libraryhas tapedlectures,borrowthem,listento them,andtake</p><p>notes.</p><p>• Ifyourinstructordistributesavocabularylistforthenextchapter,always</p><p>lookupthewordsbeforethenextclass.Thatway,youwon’thavetotakeso</p><p>manynotesondefinitions,andyouwillbepreparedtoaskquestionsduring</p><p>thelecture.</p><p>DuringtheLecture</p><p>• Writeonlythemostimportantwordsandideas.</p><p>• Whenyouare takingnotes inclass,paybetterattention;concentrateon</p><p>whattheteacherissaying.</p><p>• Askquestionstoclarifyinformation.</p><p>• Participateindiscussions.</p><p>• Be awareof the teacher’s gestures, raisingvoice, and repetition.These</p><p>usuallyindicatethattheteacherisgivingsomeimportantinformation.</p><p>• Copywhateveryourteacherwritesontheboard.</p><p>• Useataperecorderonlyasabackup,becauseyouneverknowwhenthere</p><p>willbeamechanicalfailure,andifyourelytotallyontherecorder,youwill</p><p>losealltheinformationpresented.</p><p>• Keepyournotesshortandtothepoint.</p><p>• Makeuseofabbreviationsandsymbols.</p><p>• Organizeyournotes;usespacetoshowrelationshipsbetweenideas.</p><p>• If your instructor distributes a set of notes, focus on theway they are</p><p>written.</p><p>• Avoiddistractionssothatyoudonotmissanythingthatisbeingsaid,or</p><p>youwillmisinterprettheinformationwhenyouwriteitdown.</p><p>• Payattention tographsandcharts,because theycontainagreatdealof</p><p>information in capsule format.Be able to elaborateon the chartwhenyou</p><p>study.</p><p>• Leavealotofroominthemarginorskiplinessothatyoucangobackto</p><p>thenotesandinsertmoreinformation,writememoryaidsinthemargins,or</p><p>writequestionstoaskinclassthenextday.</p><p>AftertheLecture</p><p>• Rereadyournotesassoonaspossibleaftertakingthem.</p><p>• Rewritethenotes,expandingyourideas.</p><p>• Highlightthemostimportantinformation.</p><p>• Ifyoucantype,typeyournotessothattheywillbeeasiertoread.Youcan</p><p>alsoreviewasyoutype.</p><p>WAYSTOIMPROVEYOURSTUDYSKILLS</p><p>• Findaquiet,well-lit,comfortableplacetostudy.</p><p>• Ifyouneedmusictocreateastudymood,findsoftermusicwithnolyrics.</p><p>Avoidthetemptationtosingalong.</p><p>• Themoreyourepeat,thelongertheinformationwillstaywithyou.</p><p>• Plan many short study sessions, and take breaks to stretch, eat/drink</p><p>something,orunwind.</p><p>• Workontoday’snotesfirst,andthenreviewpastnotes.</p><p>• Writequestionsonmaterial thatyoudonotunderstand.Thenaskyour</p><p>teacherthefollowingday.</p><p>• Workinsmallgroupsofthreeorfouranddiscussmaterials.</p><p>• Createpracticetestsandquizoneanother.</p><p>• Create note cards, allowing you to domini-reviews during planned or</p><p>unplannedfreetime(waitingforsomeone,appointments,etc.).</p><p>• Write importantvocabulary, information,dates, etc.,onnotecards, and</p><p>keepreviewingdata.</p><p>• Keep a small notebook of new vocabulary words from your readings.</p><p>Review the list often, and make these new words a part of your active</p><p>vocabulary.</p><p>• Previewtestmaterialbeforeclass.Thatway,youwillbepreparedtoask</p><p>andanswerquestions.</p><p>• Notallofusaregoodartists,butevencopyingcrudelyadrawingfroma</p><p>lecture and labeling it will help you remember the information until later,</p><p>whenyoucangetabetterpictureforyournotes.</p><p>• Practice clustering ideas with a graphic. The focal point is the largest</p><p>circle,andthedetailsareinthesmallerones.Seetheclusteringsectioninthe</p><p>essaywritingpartofthisbook.</p><p>• Developyourownstrategy.Whateverworksforyou,useit!</p><p>HOWTOPREVIEWINFORMATION</p><p>• Whatdoestheexercise/activity/readinginclude?</p><p>• WhatamItodowithit?</p><p>• Isthereaglossarythatwillhelpmewithnewvocabulary?</p><p>• Howistheimportantinformationhighlighted—boldface,italics,capital</p><p>letters,footnotes,notesinmargins,graphs,diagrams,photographs?</p><p>• Dothequestionsrequiremetothinkaboutalengthyanswerthatmayalso</p><p>bringinpreviouslylearninginformation?</p><p>• WillIfindtheanswerswrittenout,orwillIhavetomakeajudgmenton</p><p>myown?</p><p>• Readquestionsof anexercise first so thatyouhavean ideaofwhat to</p><p>lookforinthereading.</p><p>• Focusondetails.</p><p>• Underlineimportantwords,notthewholeparagraphorpage.</p><p>• Learntoreadfaster.Trymovingyourfingertipsacrosstheprintedwords</p><p>ataregularpaceandgetyoureyestofollowyourfingers.Withpracticeyou</p><p>canincreaseyourreadingspeedandcutdownthetimeyourspendonyour</p><p>assignments. Speed is particularly important in taking timed exams. The</p><p>fasteryouread,thefasteryouwillfinish.Readalotandoften.</p><p>• Afteryouhavereadaparagraphortwo,stopforamomentand,inyour</p><p>ownwords,writedownsomeoftheideasyouremember.Thiswillallowyou</p><p>toseewhetheryoureallyunderstandwhatyouhaveread.</p><p>• Readintroductoryparagraph(s)andsummaryparagraphsfirst.</p><p>• Readfirstsentencesofparagraphs(usuallythetopicsentenceexpressthe</p><p>mainidea).</p><p>HOWTOPREPAREFORTESTS</p><p>• Studymaterialindepth.</p><p>• Self-testinavarietyofways.</p><p>• Learntheformatoftheexamandpracticeit(multiplechoice,fill-in,etc.).</p><p>• Review the material out loud. The more senses are involved in</p><p>introduceadependentclause.Writetheappropriatewordintheblanks.</p><p>Example:Itisadvisabletostudyeverynight.</p><p>Itseemsthatyouneverseemtohaveanyfreetime.</p><p>1.Ithasbeenexciting______visitalltheplaceswe’vereadaboutinclass.</p><p>2.It’snecessary__________signthecheckbeforecashingit.</p><p>3.Itwasterrible________thefloodvictimscouldn’tstayintheirhomes.</p><p>4.Itwon’tbepossible________seethedoctorthisafternoon.</p><p>5.Itisapparent____noonehaspreparedthelessonfortoday.</p><p>6.Itwillbenecessary________leaveimmediatelyaftertheconcert.</p><p>7.Itisunbelievable________somanypeoplewenttoseethepremiereof</p><p>thatmovie.</p><p>8.Itwasgood_____havesomeonearoundtohelpwiththework.</p><p>9.Itisevident________youdon’tunderstandwhatIamsaying.</p><p>10.Itisincredible___________theplayhaslastedsolong.</p><p>11.Itturnedout______allthestudentsdidwellinthefinalexam.</p><p>12.Itisfoolish___________drivewithnobrakes.</p><p>13.Itwasstrange_________Janicedidn’tcallwhenshewasintown.</p><p>14.Itwillbeinteresting_________seewhowinstherace.</p><p>15.Ithadbeenapparent_________leavingthesceneoftheaccidentwasa</p><p>mistake.</p><p>16.Itwasadvisable_________thestudentchangehismajor.</p><p>17.Itwouldbeimportant_________evaluateyourassetsbeforeyouaskfor</p><p>theloan.</p><p>18.Itappears_________someonehasalreadydecoratedtheroomforthe</p><p>party.</p><p>19.Itseems_________youhavewontheprizeafterall.</p><p>20.Itwouldbesilly_________countonRandyforsupport.</p><p>Otherexpressionsusetheprogressivetense.</p><p>IT+BE+[V+ING]</p><p>Itwillbesnowinginafewhours.</p><p>ItwasrainingwhenIlefttheoffice.</p><p>ItisbeginningtolookalotlikeChristmas.</p><p>One of themost commonuses for the impersonal it is used inwith time</p><p>expressions.</p><p>Itwillbemorningsoon.</p><p>Itisnineo’clock.</p><p>Itwas8:15whentheairplanearrived.</p><p>Onelastcategoryreferstoconditions.</p><p>IT+BE+adjective(condition)</p><p>Herearecommonwordsusedforsuchconditions:</p><p>Itwascoldandwindyyesterday.</p><p>Itwillbenoisyattheparty.</p><p>ItissostillthatIcanhearthewindblowing.</p><p>EXERCISE9</p><p>Useeitheritorthereineachsentence.</p><p>Example:Itwasverywindyyesterdayafternoon.</p><p>I wonder if there were any new developments in the</p><p>investigation.</p><p>1.________hasbeenverysunnyforthelastthreedays.</p><p>2.Have________beenanyinterestingprogramsontelevisionlately?</p><p>3.________willbegoodtoseeMarthaaftersuchalongtime.</p><p>4.________isunusualtoseesomanypeopleoutsoearlyonaSunday</p><p>morning.</p><p>5.Will________benecessarytocallJanetbeforethedebate?</p><p>6.Will________beanybenefitchangesinthenewmedicalplan?</p><p>7.Were________anymessagesontheansweringmachine?</p><p>8.Was________necessarytodrivesofartopickupthepackage?</p><p>9.________willbeimportantforyoutoattendthemeeting.</p><p>10.Was________enoughtimetotalkwitheveryone?</p><p>11.Howmanydaysare________beforeweleaveforvacation?</p><p>12.Iwonderif________israininginNewarknow.</p><p>13.Has________beenanyoneinterestedinbuyingyourhouse?</p><p>14.Will________beanyrefreshmentsservedaftertheconcert?</p><p>15.Howmanyguestswill________beatthewedding?</p><p>16.________isimpracticaltospendfoolishlyandtotrytosave.</p><p>17.________wasfouro’clockwhenIleftworkyesterday.</p><p>18.________willbebetterdays;justbepatient.</p><p>19.________turnedoutthattheboyshadarrivedontimeafterall.</p><p>20.________wasquietafterthechildrenfinallywenttosleep.</p><p>EXERCISE10</p><p>DecidewhichoftheunderlineditemsisINCORRECT.</p><p>1.Mymother’stremendousfearofcatsmakesitdifficultforshetogo</p><p>walkinginourneighborhoodatnight.</p><p>A.tremendous</p><p>B.makes</p><p>C.she</p><p>D.walking</p><p>2.Mybookdiffersfromyourinthatminehasavocabularysectionatthe</p><p>bottomofeachpage,andyourshasoneintheback.</p><p>A.your</p><p>B.that</p><p>C.atthe</p><p>D.theback</p><p>3.Somepeoplewhichhavebeenworkingforacompanyforyearssuddenly</p><p>findthemselvesunemployedbecauseofadministrativemismanagement.</p><p>A.which</p><p>B.foryears</p><p>C.themselves</p><p>D.becauseof</p><p>4.Theprofessoraskedus,NancyandI,tostayafterclasstodiscussthe</p><p>make-upassignmentfornextweek.</p><p>A.askedus</p><p>B.I</p><p>C.todiscuss</p><p>D.make-up</p><p>5.Ifinafamilythemembersarealwayslookingoutonlyforone’sself,</p><p>thentheyhavetobeaggressivetogetahead.</p><p>A.out</p><p>B.one’sself</p><p>C.havetobe</p><p>D.togetahead</p><p>6.Peoplewhomplayinorchestrasareusuallyadultswhohavestudied</p><p>musicformanyyearsandwhoaredevotedprofessionals.</p><p>A.whom</p><p>B.devotedprofessionals</p><p>C.music</p><p>D.are</p><p>EXERCISE11</p><p>Selectthecorrectword(s)tocompletethesentence.</p><p>1.Families_____playtogetherusuallyarehappytogether.</p><p>A.who</p><p>B.which</p><p>C.whomever</p><p>D.whose</p><p>2.Invite_____youliketotheparty,butdon’tinviteMark.</p><p>A.who</p><p>B.whoever</p><p>C.whomever</p><p>D.that</p><p>3.Aftergivingthestudentachancetoprove_____,hewasdismissed.</p><p>A.him</p><p>B.hisself</p><p>C.himself</p><p>D.his</p><p>4.Wewishshewereheretohelp_____withthedecorations.</p><p>A.us</p><p>B.we</p><p>C.ourselves</p><p>D.yourselves</p><p>5.Thelittleboydresses_____everymorning.</p><p>A.him</p><p>B.hisself</p><p>C.he</p><p>D.himself</p><p>6.Dotheyknow_____hasbeenchosenpromqueen?</p><p>A.who</p><p>B.whom</p><p>C.whoever</p><p>D.whomever</p><p>7.Letmedividetheflowers._____areyours,andthosearemine.</p><p>A.This</p><p>B.That</p><p>C.These</p><p>D.Thisone</p><p>8.Idesperatelyneedsomemoney.Idon’thave_____topaymybills!</p><p>A.any</p><p>B.some</p><p>C.something</p><p>D.anything</p><p>EXERCISE12</p><p>Selectthecorrectpronountocompleteeachsentence.</p><p>1.(Who,Whom)doyouwanttoserveontheboardfordirectors?</p><p>2.Canyoulendme$50untilpayday?Sorry,Idon’thave(some,any)extra.</p><p>3.Rickisshorterthan(I,me),buthe’stallerthanhisbrothers.</p><p>4.(It,There)aretwentynamesofthecandidatesonthedirector’slist.</p><p>5.Photograph(whoever,whomever)youseeattheinauguration.</p><p>6.Theman(whose,who’s)brotherisalawyerwantstobecomeajudge.</p><p>IntermediateGrammar</p><p>ESL</p><p>CHAPTER2</p><p>Adjectives</p><p>Chapter2</p><p>ADJECTIVES</p><p>Adjectivesarewordsthatmodify(describe)anounorapronoun.Theycan</p><p>alsofollowlinkingverbs(be,seem,appear,etc.).Just likenouns, theycanfall</p><p>intodifferent categories: 1) limiting—articles,demonstratives,possessives—</p><p>and2)descriptives.Adjectivesusuallyprecedethewordsthattheymodify.</p><p>Limitingadjectivesfallintothesecategories:</p><p>Numbers:one,five,ten,twenty,first,second,third</p><p>Quantity:some,any,much,many,few,little(withnon-countnouns)</p><p>Demonstratives: this, that, these, and those (These are the same forms as the</p><p>pronouns,butthesemustcomebeforeanoun,notreplaceit.)Examples:thiscar,</p><p>thathouse</p><p>Articles:a,an,the</p><p>Possessives:my,your,his,her,its,our,your,their</p><p>Keep in mind that when you add ’s to a noun, you make the noun a</p><p>possessiveandchangeittoanadjective.</p><p>Thesecretary’stypewriterisbroken.</p><p>Thedogchasedthelittleboy’sball.</p><p>All other adjectives are descriptives. Here are examples of common</p><p>descriptiveadjectives:</p><p>POSSESSIVEADJECTIVESBEFOREGERUNDS</p><p>Whenever a noun or pronoun appears before a gerund, itmust be in the</p><p>possessiveform.Thisformthenbecomesanadjective.</p><p>S+V+possessiveform(noun/pronoun)+[verb+ING]</p><p>Weweresurprisedbyhisnotacceptingthejob.</p><p>Theyaresorryaboutourleavingsosoon.</p><p>NancyobjectstoJan’scallinghersolate.</p><p>Referringtothefirstexampleabove,wearesurprisednotbyhimbutrather</p><p>by his not accepting the job. In number two, they are sorry not about us but</p><p>ratheraboutourleavingsosoon.</p><p>NancydoesnotobjecttoJanbutrathertoJan’scallingsolate.</p><p>NOTE</p><p>Nounscanusuallybecomepossessivesbyadding’stothesingular</p><p>form.</p><p>boy>boy’s dog>dog’s boss>boss’s</p><p>Fortheplural,however,thenounneedstobepluralfirst,andthenaddthe</p><p>’s.</p><p>man>men’s child</p><p>the</p><p>process,themoreyouwillrememberthematerial.</p><p>• Domanyshortreviewswithrestbreaksorreviewsessionsscheduledover</p><p>several days to keep the information in your long-term memory. This is</p><p>betterthanonelong“cram”session.</p><p>• Settimelimitstoseehowwellyoucanexpressyourideaswithinthese</p><p>limits.</p><p>• Reviewkeywordssothatyoucanusetheminyouranswers.</p><p>• Workseriouslywithoneortwootherstudentsandtestoneanotheronthe</p><p>information.Discussit.Keeponrepeatingituntilitstayswithyou.</p><p>• Trytosimplifyyourlearningthroughtheuseofmnemonicdevices(tricks</p><p>tohelpyouremember)orsimpledrawingsthatwillhelpyoulearnalotina</p><p>shortperiod.</p><p>• Beabletoapplywhatyouhavelearnedinwritingyouranswers.Notall</p><p>testswill be fill-ins,multiple choice, ormatching. Your answers could be</p><p>explain orcompare/contrast types,whichmeans that you need to provide</p><p>manydetailstosupportyouranswer.</p><p>• Distinguishamongthetermsinthetest-takingsection(explain,describe,</p><p>etc.).</p><p>• Ifyouaredoingaseriesofpracticetests,especiallycomputerizedones,</p><p>keeptrackofyourprogress.</p><p>• Thinkoutideaslogicallybeforewritingessays.Asyoubrainstorm—that</p><p>is, think about the topic and write down some facts and ideas—use short</p><p>outlines,togiveyourselfabetterideaofhowtheessaywillflow.</p><p>• Stayfocused;avoiddistractions.</p><p>• Set up charts with different categories to remember information at a</p><p>glance.</p><p>• Keepinmindthattherearenoextra-creditpointsonstandardizedtests,so</p><p>youmustanswercorrectlyasmanyquestionsaspossible.</p><p>• Setatimertopracticetimedexercises.</p><p>WhattoDotheNightBeforetheExam</p><p>• Getagoodnight’srest.</p><p>• Ifyouhavestudiedoftenforshortperiods,youshouldhaveyourmaterial</p><p>well organized in your mind. Relax and watch your favorite television</p><p>programorlistentoyourfavoritemusictounwindbeforeyougotobed.If</p><p>you are not stressed when you get to bed, you should sleep well and be</p><p>refreshedinthemorning.</p><p>• Feelconfidentthatyouwilldowell.</p><p>Stress-ReductionTechniques</p><p>Whetherwe like it or not,we are surrounded by stress.No one has ever</p><p>become really happy living with a great deal of stress. How can you relieve</p><p>someofthestressinyourlife?</p><p>• Practice deep-breathing exercises. Sit, stand, or lie in a comfortable</p><p>position. Concentrate only on your breathing, very deep breathing at first,</p><p>andthenshallowerinhalingandexhaling.Thiswayyoucanconcentrateon</p><p>onlyonethingatatime,andyouwon’tfeeltheanxietyassociatedwiththe</p><p>test.</p><p>• Thinkofsomethingpleasant,likefloatingaimlesslyonacloud.</p><p>• Soakinwarmwaterinatub.</p><p>• Turnonsomedreamymusicandmovegentlytotherhythm.</p><p>• Planahead,anddon’twaituntilthelastminute.Thatcauseswhenstressto</p><p>setin.</p><p>• Eliminatethenegativefeelingsthatsurroundyou.</p><p>• Takeawalkinaquietarea,andconcentrateonlyonnature.</p><p>• Swiminapoolwhenitisquiet,usuallylateratnight.</p><p>• Arriveearlyforthetest.</p><p>• Tellyourselfthatyouhavepreparedwellandwilldoyourbest.</p><p>• Don’tletotherstudents’behaviordistractyou(earlydeparture,coughing,</p><p>nervousness).Realize thatmanystudentshavenotprepared themselves for</p><p>thetest.</p><p>ESL</p><p>APPENDICES</p><p>APPENDICES</p><p>APPENDIXA</p><p>USEOFARTICLESA,AN,ANDTHE</p><p>AANDAN</p><p>As a general rule, a should be used before words beginning with a</p><p>consonantsound,andanshouldbeusedbeforeavowelsound.Thelettershand</p><p>uwillcauseproblems.Wordsinwhichtheletterh ispronouncedarepreceded</p><p>bya(aham,aheart,ahorn),whilethoseinwhichthehisnotpronouncedare</p><p>precededbyan.</p><p>Agoodruletofollowisthatallwordsbeginningwithhhavethefirstletter</p><p>pronouncedexcept for the following, inwhichh isnotpronouncedandwhich</p><p>usethearticlean:</p><p>Inthefollowingwords,thehispronounced,sousethearticlea:</p><p>Whenwordsbeginningwiththeletteruhavetheconsonantsoundyoo(ū),</p><p>theyareprecededbythearticlea:auniform,auniversity,autensil.</p><p>Thosethatbeginwiththe sound,asfoundincup,requirethearticlean:</p><p>anumbrella,anunhealthyuncle.</p><p>Theprefixun-,indicatinganegative,alwayshasavowelsound:unfriendly,</p><p>unhappy,unusual.</p><p>NOTE</p><p>NOTE</p><p>Theyoosounddoesnotalwaysmeanthatthewordwillbeginwiththe</p><p>letteru.</p><p>Otherexamplesoftheyoosoundarethefollowing:</p><p>aEuropeanvacation</p><p>aeulogydeliveredbyherbrother</p><p>aeuphemism</p><p>Shehasaeuphoricglowabouther.</p><p>aeucalyptusinthebackyard</p><p>Otherwordsthatbeginwiththeyoosoundandusethearticlea:</p><p>THE</p><p>Thearticletheisusedtoindicatesomethingspecific.</p><p>Thebookonthetableismine.</p><p>Imailedtheletterthatyougavemeyesterday.</p><p>Theisalsousedfornamesofmountains,rivers,islands,andoceans;names</p><p>ofmusicalgroups;ethnicgroups;specificdocuments,etc.</p><p>ManypeoplespendtheirvacationsintheRockyMountains.</p><p>MelandSandyspenttheirhoneymoonintheHawaiianIslands.</p><p>TheBeatleswereafamousmusicalgroupinthesixtiesandseventies.</p><p>TheDeclarationofIndependencewaswrittenin1776.</p><p>Non-count nouns can use the in some situations and not in others. For</p><p>example,whenreferringtoanelementingeneralterms,thearticleisnotused.</p><p>Moneyisnecessarytopaythebills.</p><p>Budgetingtimecarefullywillmakeyouabetterstudent.</p><p>Foodtastesbetterwhenitisfresh.</p><p>However, when the element is used in specific terms, the article the is</p><p>necessary.</p><p>ThemoneyIgaveyouisfortherent.(specificmoney)</p><p>Thetimewehavetogetherisprecious.(specifictime)</p><p>Ineedtobuythefoodforourparty.(specificfood)</p><p>Whenpluralcountnounsrefertoelementsingeneral,noarticleisrequired.</p><p>Workingdaysismorepleasingtosomethantoothers.</p><p>Grapesgrowinbunchesonvines.</p><p>Some words, unless they restrict the meaning, do not use the definite</p><p>article.</p><p>breakfast,church,college,dinner,home,hospital(British)</p><p>heaven,hell,lunch,school,supper</p><p>Somepeoplebelieveinheavenandhell,butothersdon’t.</p><p>Johnstudiesatschool,andhismotherworksathome.</p><p>Mildredislearningagreatdealinherartclassesincollege.</p><p>Tomhadanaccidentandisinhospital.(British)</p><p>Tomhadanaccidentandisinthehospital.(American)</p><p>APPENDIXB</p><p>VOCABULARYHELP</p><p>IBeforeERule</p><p>IbeforeE</p><p>ExceptafterC</p><p>Orwhensoundedasay,</p><p>Asinneighborandweigh.</p><p>APPENDIXC</p><p>PLURALCONCEPTS</p><p>NON-COUNTNOUNS</p><p>Somecategories of non-count nouns canbe subdivided into count nouns.</p><p>Someoftheseincludethefollowing:</p><p>NOTE</p><p>Manynon-countnounscanbeusedwithpluralconcepts</p><p>whenapluralunitofmeasureprecedesthem.</p><p>piecesoffurniture kindsofproduce</p><p>stacksofmoney categoriesofliterature</p><p>boxesofjewelry sourcesofinformation</p><p>typesofagriculture meansoftransportation</p><p>Other non-count nouns that are always singular are those referring to</p><p>intangibleorabstractconcepts.Theyincludethefollowing:</p><p>FORMINGPLURALS</p><p>Wordsendinginvowelsandconsonantsusuallyadd-stoformtheirplurals.</p><p>Exceptions</p><p>1.Afters,sh,ch,andx,add-es</p><p>press—presses patch—patches wish—wishes tax—tax</p><p>2.Fornounsendinginyafteraconsonant,changeytoi.</p><p>fly—flies enemy—enemies lady—ladies salary—salaries</p><p>3.Fornounsendinginyfollowingavowel,add-s.</p><p>monkey—monkeys tray—trays decoy—decoys</p><p>4.Somenounshaveirregularplurals.Learnthem.</p><p>foot—feet tooth—teeth child—children ox—oxen</p><p>woman—women man—men louse—lice mouse—mice</p><p>5.Somewordsusethesameformforsingularandplural.</p><p>fish deer sheep moose reindeer caribou</p><p>6.Compound,ortwo-part,wordspluralizeonlytheentitythatcouldbe</p><p>countable.Rememberthatthefirstpartofacompoundwordusuallyacts</p><p>asaadjective,andadjectiveshavenopluralsexcepttheseandthose.</p><p>Notice,however,intheword,andsisters-in-law,itisthefirstpartthatis</p><p>pluralized,becauseitistheentitythatcanbecounted.</p><p>football—footballs butterfly—butterflies toothbrush—toothbrushes</p><p>7.Thepluralsofmostnounsendinginfareformedbyadding-s.</p><p>brief—briefs proof—proofs belief—beliefs</p><p>Exceptions:Changeforfetovandadd-es.</p><p>8.Followtheserulesforpluralsofpropernounsandfamilynames.</p><p>Jones—theJoneses Whitley—theWhitleys Mixa—theMixas</p><p>TheJoneses (the Jones family) are leaving for PuertoRico on the noon</p><p>flight.</p><p>RexRyanisatennisstar.AlltheRexesIknowarefootballplayers.</p><p>9.Forcertaingroupofnounsendinginconsonant+o,add-estothese</p><p>words.</p><p>echoes dominoes potatoes tomatoes heroes</p><p>10.Forsomewordsthatendinexandix,dropthesuffixandaddicesto</p><p>formtheplural.</p><p>index>indices codex>codices</p><p>ibex>ibices appendix>appendices</p><p>11.Anothercategoryofirregularpluralsrelatestowordsendinginsis.</p><p>Insteadofaddingestotherootword,theiinthesuffixjustchangestoe.</p><p>Otherwordsinthiscategoryarechrysalis,synthesis,dialysis,</p><p>hypothesis,antithesis,andparenthesis.</p><p>Thereareanumberofotherrulesdealingwithforeignwordsthathavebeen</p><p>incorporated into the language, as well as a variety of other plural forms.</p><p>Wheneveryoufindanounandarenotsureofthepluralform,lookitupinyour</p><p>dictionary.</p><p>Non-count nouns are those that do not usually have a plural form and</p><p>cannotbenumberedastheonesabove.</p><p>However,wecanplace the liquids incontainersandcount thecontainers;</p><p>moneyismentionedinmonetaryunits(dollars,cents); timeisfiguredinhours</p><p>andminutes,etc.</p><p>fivecupsofcoffee twentydollars</p><p>sixhours fiftyminutes</p><p>Singular vocabulary dealing with food can also become plural if we</p><p>mentiontheunitsorcontainersforthatfood.Examples:</p><p>Someadjectivesarealsolimitedtocountandnon-countnouns.</p><p>Certainwordsreferringtofoodsareconsiderednoncountableandhaveno</p><p>pluralforms.Hereisapartiallist:</p><p>Ontheotherhand,somefoodscanbecountedanddohavepluralforms:</p><p>Youmightalsofinditstrangetoseehowsomeofthesefoodsaremeasured:</p><p>APPENDIXD</p><p>WORDPHRASESWITHPREPOSITIONS</p><p>In English there are a number of word groups that contain prepositions.</p><p>Theyincludecombinationswithnouns,adjectives,andverbs.Hereisapartial</p><p>list. Practice using them in sentences until they become part of your active</p><p>vocabulary.</p><p>Verb+Preposition</p><p>Theverb+preposition list isfargreater thantheother lists,becauseone</p><p>verbcanuseavarietyofprepositions.Witheachpreposition,theverbtakesona</p><p>differentmeaning. Look up these verb phrases in an unabridged (larger,more</p><p>complete)dictionary.</p><p>approveof</p><p>breakaway</p><p>breakdown</p><p>breakoff</p><p>breakup</p><p>breakin</p><p>breakout</p><p>breakthrough</p><p>breakwith</p><p>callafter</p><p>callaway</p><p>callon</p><p>callup</p><p>callback</p><p>calloff</p><p>calldown</p><p>callforth</p><p>calltogether</p><p>calloff</p><p>careabout</p><p>carefor</p><p>checkinto</p><p>checkout</p><p>checkoutof</p><p>checkover</p><p>checkupon</p><p>checkwith</p><p>closeinon</p><p>closedown</p><p>closeoff</p><p>closeout</p><p>comeacross</p><p>comeafter</p><p>comeawaywith</p><p>comeby</p><p>comein</p><p>lookafter</p><p>lookfor</p><p>lookup</p><p>lookdown</p><p>lookover</p><p>lookoutfor</p><p>lookabout</p><p>lookat</p><p>lookbackon</p><p>lookforwardto</p><p>lookinon</p><p>lookinto</p><p>referto</p><p>relyon</p><p>detractfrom</p><p>counton</p><p>countdown</p><p>countout</p><p>countup</p><p>doawaywith</p><p>doup</p><p>doover</p><p>dofor</p><p>doabout</p><p>drawup</p><p>drawon</p><p>drawaside</p><p>drawout</p><p>comealongwith</p><p>comedownwith</p><p>figureout</p><p>figureon</p><p>findout</p><p>findinfavorof</p><p>dependon</p><p>getby</p><p>getover</p><p>getup</p><p>getthrough</p><p>getdownto</p><p>getin</p><p>giveup</p><p>giveout</p><p>giveinto</p><p>giveaway</p><p>giveback</p><p>giveforth</p><p>giveover</p><p>giveoff</p><p>coverup</p><p>coverfor</p><p>coverover</p><p>coverwith</p><p>dowithout</p><p>dowith</p><p>havetodowith</p><p>disagreewith</p><p>fillup</p><p>fillout</p><p>fillin</p><p>getacross</p><p>getafter</p><p>getalong</p><p>getaround</p><p>getat</p><p>getalongwith</p><p>getawayfrom</p><p>getbackat</p><p>getbehind</p><p>getout</p><p>searchfor</p><p>dropover</p><p>dropout</p><p>dropin</p><p>dropoff</p><p>comeout</p><p>comeover</p><p>comeabout</p><p>tryon</p><p>tryout</p><p>tryfor</p><p>APPENDIXE</p><p>IRREGULARVERBS</p><p>Thefollowingverbshavethesameformsforallthreeparts.</p><p>ESL</p><p>GLOSSARY</p><p>GLOSSARY</p><p>Active voice. Sentence structure in which the subject is responsible for</p><p>performingtheactionoftheverb.</p><p>Heruns. Shereads. Theywrite.</p><p>Adjective.Wordthatdescribesanounorapronoun.</p><p>Thefatcatclimbedthetreeslowly.</p><p>Adverb.Wordthatmodifiesaverb,anadjective,oranotheradverb.</p><p>Theballerinadancedgracefullyacrossthestage.</p><p>Agreement.Howwordscorrespondtootherwordsinasentenceorphrase.</p><p>Thatpairofslacksneedstobewashed.</p><p>Clause. Part of a sentence. Main clauses (independent) can stand alone and</p><p>convey a complete thought. Dependent (subordinate) clauses do not</p><p>conveyacompleteideaeventhoughtheymaycontainasubjectandverb.</p><p>Thelatterneedthemainclausetogivethewholestructuremeaning.</p><p>Becauseitwasraining(dependent),wearrivedlate(independent).</p><p>Danglingparticiple.Participialphrase(V+ingorV+ed)atthebeginningofa</p><p>sentencethatisnotthesubjectanddoesnotmodifythenounorpronoun</p><p>afterthephrase.</p><p>Poundingthenail,thepicturewasfinallyhung.</p><p>Directspeech.Theexactwordsofsomeone,usuallywrittenbetweenquotation</p><p>marks.</p><p>Tomsaid,“Iwillattendthemeetingat8:00tonight.”</p><p>The opposite is indirect speech: Tom said that he would attend the</p><p>meetingat8:00tonight.</p><p>Fragment.Partofasentencethatdoesnotconveyacompleteidea.</p><p>Thatmorninginthepark.(nosubject,noverb,nocompleteidea)</p><p>Gerund.Verbformendingin-ingthatmaybeusedasanoun.</p><p>Runningisgoodexercise.</p><p>Jogging,swimming,anddancingaregoodexercises.</p><p>Participle.Formofverbusuallyendingined(past)oring(present)</p><p>frightened—frighteningfried—frying</p><p>Passive voice. Sentence structure in which the subject does not perform the</p><p>action,butratherreceivesit;be+pastparticiple.</p><p>TheplaywaswrittenbyShakespeare.</p><p>Preposition.Wordrelatinganounorpronountootherwordsinasentence(for</p><p>example, in, into, on, and by). The tickets are for the afternoon</p><p>performance.</p><p>Pronoun.Awordthattakestheplaceofanoun.</p><p>Relative pronoun. Pronoun that relates to the word that precedes it. Such</p><p>pronounsintroduceadependentclause(who,whom,that,which)</p><p>IknowDaneCameron,whoisthedirectorofAcmeComputers.</p><p>Run-on.Twocompletesentences joinedwithoutanypunctuation (which isan</p><p>erroringrammar).</p><p>Itrainedveryhardwegotwetandhadanaccident.</p><p>Sentence. A group of words containing a subject, a verb, and a complete</p><p>thought.</p><p>Mrs.DavisdrovetoChicagoonMonday.</p><p>Sequenceoftenses.Relationshipintimeofverbsusedinasentence.</p><p>TheteachersaidthatwewouldhaveanexamonFriday.</p><p>Voice.Formofverbthatshowswhetherthesubjectperformsaction(active)or</p><p>receivesaction(passive).</p><p>Vincewrotethepoemin1980.(activevoice)</p><p>Thepoemwaswrittenin1980.(passivevoice)</p><p>ESL</p><p>ANSWERKEYS</p><p>ANSWERKEYS</p><p>EXERCISE1</p><p>1.She</p><p>2.We</p><p>3.me</p><p>4.her</p><p>5.us</p><p>6.them</p><p>7.He</p><p>8.him</p><p>9.us—we</p><p>10.her</p><p>11.she</p><p>12.us</p><p>13.they</p><p>14.him</p><p>15.her</p><p>16.her</p><p>17.they</p><p>18.I</p><p>19.he—they</p><p>20.he</p><p>EXERCISE2</p><p>1.He</p><p>2.us</p><p>3.her—me</p><p>4.him</p><p>5.Whom</p><p>6.us</p><p>7.them</p><p>8.I</p><p>9.he</p><p>10.me</p><p>11.us</p><p>12.them</p><p>13.they</p><p>14.us</p><p>15.she</p><p>16.me</p><p>17.her</p><p>18.I</p><p>19.I</p><p>20.who</p><p>EXERCISE3</p><p>1.yourself</p><p>2.himself</p><p>3.ourselves</p><p>4.themselves</p><p>5.itself</p><p>6.myself</p><p>7.herself</p><p>8.yourselves</p><p>9.herself</p><p>10.himself/herself</p><p>EXERCISE4</p><p>1.We</p><p>2.I</p><p>3.himself</p><p>4.him</p><p>5.yours</p><p>6.themselves</p><p>7.Mine</p><p>8.herself</p><p>9.them</p><p>10.her</p><p>11.they</p><p>12.I</p><p>13.ourselves</p><p>EXERCISE</p><p>5</p><p>1.ImetanactorwhosepicturewonanOscar.</p><p>2.Weboughtahouse,whichcost$150,000.</p><p>3.Sallyintroducedmetoherboyfriend,whoisacivilengineer.</p><p>4.Maureenboughtadress,whichcosther$45,andhadtoreturnit.</p><p>5.JakegaveIsabelaringthathaddiamondsandrubies.</p><p>6.Mrs.DuncanistalkingtoherstudentswhoseprojectaredueonFriday.</p><p>7.Normanliveswithhissisterwhoisanurse.</p><p>8.Thesoldierstowhomthepresidentisawardingthemedalwereinjuredin</p><p>combat.(Thepresidentisawardingmedalstothesoldierswhowereinjured</p><p>incombat.</p><p>9.Mr.FranklingradedtheteststhatwetookonFriday.</p><p>10.Thedirectorknowsthecandidatewhowaschosentobemanager.</p><p>EXERCISE6</p><p>1.who</p><p>2.whose</p><p>3.that</p><p>4.whom</p><p>5.whom</p><p>6.that</p><p>7.which</p><p>8.that</p><p>9.that</p><p>10.whose</p><p>11.which</p><p>12.which</p><p>EXERCISE7</p><p>1.are</p><p>2.are</p><p>3.was</p><p>4.have</p><p>5.Has</p><p>6.have</p><p>7.are</p><p>8.wasn’t</p><p>9.Were</p><p>10.was</p><p>11.Has</p><p>12.is</p><p>13.Are</p><p>14.have</p><p>15.Were</p><p>16.Have</p><p>17.are</p><p>18.are</p><p>19.Are</p><p>20.Was</p><p>EXERCISE8</p><p>1.to</p><p>2.to</p><p>3.that</p><p>4.to</p><p>5.that</p><p>6.to</p><p>7.that</p><p>8.to</p><p>9.that</p><p>10.that</p><p>11.that</p><p>12.to</p><p>13.that</p><p>14.to</p><p>15.that</p><p>16.that</p><p>17.to</p><p>18.that</p><p>19.that</p><p>20.to</p><p>EXERCISE9</p><p>1.It</p><p>2.there</p><p>3.It</p><p>4.It</p><p>5.it</p><p>6.there</p><p>7.there</p><p>8.it</p><p>9.It</p><p>10.there</p><p>11.there</p><p>12.it</p><p>13.there</p><p>14.there</p><p>15.there</p><p>16.It</p><p>17.It</p><p>18.There</p><p>19.It</p><p>20.It</p><p>EXERCISE10</p><p>1.C</p><p>2.A</p><p>3.A</p><p>4.B</p><p>5.B</p><p>6.A</p><p>EXERCISE11</p><p>1.A</p><p>2.C</p><p>3.C</p><p>4.A</p><p>5.D</p><p>6.A</p><p>7.C</p><p>8.C</p><p>EXERCISE12</p><p>1.whom</p><p>2.any</p><p>3.I</p><p>4.there</p><p>5.whomever</p><p>6.whose</p><p>EXERCISE13</p><p>1.my</p><p>2.Peter’s</p><p>3.herstudents’</p><p>4.their</p><p>5.his</p><p>6.your</p><p>7.thelandlord’s</p><p>8.Terry’s</p><p>9.my</p><p>10.your</p><p>11.Kim’s</p><p>12.our</p><p>13.theworkers’</p><p>14.thepoliceman’s</p><p>15.Tom’s</p><p>16.thegroup’s</p><p>17.my</p><p>18.theclub’s</p><p>19.Ann’s</p><p>20.thegovernment’s</p><p>EXERCISE14</p><p>1.his</p><p>2.Helen’s</p><p>3.friend’s</p><p>4.clowns’</p><p>5.your</p><p>6.my</p><p>7.Anne’s</p><p>8.citizens’</p><p>9.brother’s</p><p>10.boy’s</p><p>11.son’s</p><p>12.Tony’s</p><p>13.Anita’s</p><p>14.Our</p><p>15.their</p><p>16.children’s</p><p>17.Lonnie’s</p><p>18.birds’</p><p>19.neighbors’</p><p>20.their</p><p>EXERCISE15</p><p>1.some</p><p>2.any</p><p>3.any</p><p>4.Someone/Somebody</p><p>5.any</p><p>6.anyone/anybody</p><p>7.anyone/anybody(someone-conv.)</p><p>8.someone/somebody</p><p>9.any</p><p>10.anything</p><p>11.some</p><p>12.some</p><p>13.any</p><p>14.some</p><p>15.something</p><p>16.some</p><p>17.someone/somebody</p><p>18.anyone/anybody</p><p>19.anything</p><p>20.anything</p><p>EXERCISE16</p><p>1.wider</p><p>2.paler</p><p>3.braver</p><p>4.cuter</p><p>5.humbler</p><p>6.nobler</p><p>7.wiser</p><p>8.politer</p><p>9.closer</p><p>10.staler</p><p>11.later</p><p>12.larger</p><p>13.riper</p><p>14.rarer</p><p>15.safer</p><p>EXERCISE17</p><p>1.cozier</p><p>2.shier</p><p>3.dizzier</p><p>4.angrier</p><p>5.easier</p><p>6.heavier</p><p>7.prettier</p><p>8.uglier</p><p>9.merrier</p><p>10.earlier</p><p>11.noisier</p><p>12.friendlier</p><p>13.lonelier</p><p>14.healthier</p><p>15.lovelier</p><p>EXERCISE18</p><p>1.quieterthan</p><p>2.lovelierthan</p><p>3.fasterthan</p><p>4.closer</p><p>5.slimmerthan</p><p>6.hazierthan</p><p>7.sleepierthan</p><p>8.narrowerthan</p><p>9.colderthan</p><p>10.coyerthan</p><p>EXERCISE19</p><p>1.morefamous</p><p>2.morehelpful</p><p>3.morepensive</p><p>4.morecaptive</p><p>5.moreexact</p><p>6.moreloving</p><p>7.moredaring</p><p>8.morebasic</p><p>9.morefiendish</p><p>10.moremorose</p><p>11.morecutting</p><p>12.moreclever</p><p>13.morenormal</p><p>14.moresheepish</p><p>15.morefestive</p><p>16.moreglorious</p><p>17.morechildlike</p><p>18.morealive</p><p>19.moreflagrant</p><p>20.morefragrant</p><p>21.morecallous</p><p>22.moreforward</p><p>23.moregrateful</p><p>24.moreuseless</p><p>25.moreselfish</p><p>EXERCISE20</p><p>1.manymore</p><p>2.muchprettierthan</p><p>3.moreabundantthan</p><p>4.lessintelligentthan</p><p>5.farlesscrampedthan</p><p>6.manymore</p><p>7.morestraightforwardthan</p><p>8.much(far)less</p><p>9.morerapidly</p><p>10.much(far)lessinteresting</p><p>EXERCISE21</p><p>1.MexicoCityhasmanymoreinhabitantsthanMicanopy.Micanopyhasfewer</p><p>inhabitantsthanMexicoCity.</p><p>2.Philipearnsmuchmore(money)thanTony.Tonyearnsmuchlessthan</p><p>Philip.</p><p>3.Nancyisyoungerthanherbrother.Nancy’sbrotherisolderthanshe.</p><p>4.ThemillionairehasmanymorecarsthanIhave.Ihavefewercarsthanthe</p><p>millionaire.</p><p>5.Theartbuildingistallerthanthelanguagelab.</p><p>6.Achocolatebarhasmorecaloriesthanabanana.Abananahasfewercalories</p><p>thanachocolatebar.</p><p>7.ItismuchhotterinArizonathaninAnchorage.Itismuchcoolerin</p><p>AnchoragethaninArizona.</p><p>8.RudystudieslessthanRalph.Ralphstudiesmore(harder)thanRudy.</p><p>9.ItiswarmerinClevelandthaninBuffalo.ItiscolderinBuffalothanin</p><p>Cleveland.</p><p>10.BettylearnedPortuguesemoreeasilythanArabic.BettylearnedArabic</p><p>moreslowlythanPortuguese.</p><p>EXERCISE22</p><p>Answerswillvary.</p><p>1.Silvercostslessthangold.Goldismorevaluablethansilver.</p><p>2.Anelephantislargerandstrongerthanamonkey.Amonkeyissmaller,</p><p>weaker,andmoreintelligentthananelephant.</p><p>3.Cottonissofterthanplastic.Plasticisharderthancotton.</p><p>4.Coca-Colaissweeterthanmilk.Coca-Colaislessnutritiousthanmilk.Milk</p><p>ismorenutritiousthanCoca-Cola.</p><p>5.Spinachislesstastythancake.Cakeistastierthanspinach.</p><p>6.TomCruiseisyounger(morehandsome)thanPaulNewman.PaulNewman</p><p>isolder(moremature)thanTomCruise.</p><p>7.Ayachtismoreexpensive(faster)thanacanoe.Acanoeislessexpensive</p><p>(slower)thanayacht.</p><p>8.Anairplaneisfaster(bigger,moreexpensive)thanatrain.Atrainisslower</p><p>(smaller,lessexpensive)thananairplane.</p><p>9.SwimmingismoreactivethanwatchingtelevisionWatchingtelevisionis</p><p>lessactivethanswimming.</p><p>10.TheNorthPoleiscolder(fartheraway)thanCalifornia.Californiaiswarmer</p><p>(closer)thantheNorthPole.</p><p>EXERCISE23</p><p>1.better</p><p>2.farther</p><p>3.better</p><p>4.worse</p><p>5.better</p><p>6.Farther</p><p>7.better</p><p>8.better</p><p>9.worse</p><p>10.better</p><p>EXERCISE24</p><p>1.KevinhitasmanyhomerunsasDave.</p><p>2.It’saswarminOahuasinDallas.</p><p>3.Maureenateasmanypiecesofpizzaashersister.</p><p>4.BriansleepsasmanyhoursasRita.</p><p>5.PhilweighsasmuchasHarry.</p><p>6.TracyworksasdiligentlyinschoolasTrisha.</p><p>7.Thissweatercostsasmuchastheyellowone.</p><p>8.Joelrunsasfastashisbrother.</p><p>9.Thelongdressisaselegantastheshortdress.</p><p>10.JoséspendsasmuchtimestudyingEnglishasmath.</p><p>11.Somehighschoolstudentsdoasmanyhomeworkassignmentsascollege</p><p>students.</p><p>12.JoanCollinshasasmuchjewelryasLizTaylor.</p><p>13.TheAndersonshaveasmanypiecesoffurnitureinthediningroomasinthe</p><p>livingroom.</p><p>14.Thereareasfewstudentsinthechemistryclassasinthephysicsclass.</p><p>15.IpaidasmuchformytextbookasAnnedid(paidforhers).</p><p>EXERCISE25</p><p>1.Semi-glosspaintisthemostexpensive.Flatpaintistheleastexpensive</p><p>(cheapest).</p><p>2.Thecanofcornisthelargest.Thecanofmushroomsisthesmallest.</p><p>3.Apricotsarethemostfatteningfruit.(Apricotshavethemostcalories.)</p><p>Cantaloupeistheleastfatteningfruit.(Cantaloupehasthefewestcalories.)</p><p>4.Clevelandisthehottestcity.Trentonisthecoolestcity.</p><p>5.Bremertonisthefarthest(city)fromOlympia.Tacomaistheclosest(city)to</p><p>Olympia.</p><p>6.Theredcandlewillburnthelongest.Thewhitecandlewillburntheshortest.</p><p>7.Thekitchencabinetisthelargest(widest).Thebathcabinetisthesmallest.</p><p>(narrowest)</p><p>8.Thequarterbackwasthehungriest.(Thequarterbackatethemost</p><p>hamburgers.)Thecheerleaderwastheleasthungry.(Thecheerleaderatethe</p><p>fewesthamburgers.)</p><p>9.Arthuristhehealthiestathlete.Tedistheleasthealthyathlete.</p><p>10.Dianewasthethirstiest.(Dianedrankthemostlemonade.)Suzywasthe</p><p>leastthirsty.(Suzydranktheleastlemonade.)</p><p>EXERCISE26</p><p>1.farther</p><p>2.best</p><p>3.hotter</p><p>4.moreexpensive</p><p>5.morefamous</p><p>6.moreboring</p><p>7.morehelpful</p><p>8.moreinterested</p><p>9.morefrequently</p><p>10.worst</p><p>11.mostquietly</p><p>12.mostquickly</p><p>13.best</p><p>14.colder</p><p>15.mostfoolish</p><p>EXERCISE27</p><p>1.from</p><p>2.as</p><p>3.than</p><p>4.than</p><p>5.as</p><p>6.as</p><p>7.from</p><p>8.as</p><p>9.than</p><p>10.from</p><p>11.more</p><p>12.as</p><p>13.from</p><p>14.more</p><p>15.than</p><p>EXERCISE28</p><p>1.C</p><p>2.C</p><p>3.A</p><p>4.C</p><p>5.B</p><p>6.A</p><p>7.B</p><p>8.C</p><p>9.B</p><p>10.A</p><p>11.C</p><p>12.A</p><p>13.B</p><p>14.A</p><p>15.C</p><p>16.B</p><p>EXERCISE29</p><p>1.C</p><p>2.A</p><p>3.D</p><p>4.A</p><p>5.B</p><p>6.B</p><p>7.A</p><p>8.C</p><p>EXERCISE30</p><p>1.basically</p><p>2.historically</p><p>3.majestically</p><p>4.economically</p><p>5.comically</p><p>6.strategically</p><p>7.critically</p><p>8.antiseptically</p><p>9.cryptically</p><p>10.sympathetically</p><p>11.artistically</p><p>12.domestically</p><p>13.automatically</p><p>14.</p><p>aromatically</p><p>15.organically</p><p>16.systematically</p><p>EXERCISE31</p><p>1.sloppily</p><p>2.heavily</p><p>3.angrily</p><p>4.clumsily</p><p>5.readily</p><p>6.busily</p><p>7.steadily</p><p>8.merrily</p><p>EXERCISE32</p><p>1.nobly</p><p>2.ably</p><p>3.capably</p><p>4.responsibly</p><p>5.feasibly</p><p>6.comfortably</p><p>EXERCISE33</p><p>1.always</p><p>2.rarely(seldom)</p><p>3.often(usually/frequently)</p><p>4.never</p><p>5.hardly</p><p>6.Occasionally(Sometimes)</p><p>7.hardly(rarely,scarcely)</p><p>8.sometimes</p><p>9.usually(frequently)</p><p>10.seldom(rarely)</p><p>EXERCISE34</p><p>1.FootballfansalwayswatchthegamesonSundayafternoons.</p><p>2.PasqualehasneverwrittenalettertohiscousininItaly.</p><p>3.Ihaveseenthatprogramoccasionally,butIdon’tlikeit.(Ihave</p><p>occasionallyseen...)</p><p>4.WeusuallystudyonFridayafternoons.</p><p>5.Martagenerallypreparesapeachpieforspecialoccasions.</p><p>6.Theyhardlyseeusonweekends,becausewearesobusyduringtheweek.</p><p>7.Monicahasseldomgoneshoppinginthenewmall,becauseitissofaraway.</p><p>8.Thisneighborhoodisusuallyquiet,buttodayitisrathernoisy.</p><p>9.HasJudesometimessungandplayedforthelocaldances?</p><p>10.Haveyouoftenthoughtaboutwritinganovel?</p><p>11.Thegirlsgenerallytakethebustowork,buttodayitwasrainingandthey</p><p>gotaride.</p><p>12.IhaveseldomseenTomwithouthiswifeatthecouncilmeetings.</p><p>13.Theybarelytalktoussincetheymovedtothenewneighborhood.</p><p>14.WefrequentlytakethechildrentotheparkforapicniconSundays.</p><p>15.Haveyouneverwonthelottery.</p><p>EXERCISE35</p><p>1.yet</p><p>2.never/already</p><p>3.still</p><p>4.still</p><p>5.yet</p><p>6.yet(already)</p><p>7.already</p><p>8.still(already)</p><p>9.yet(already)</p><p>10.ever</p><p>11.still</p><p>12.yet</p><p>13.yet</p><p>14.still</p><p>15.yet</p><p>16.already</p><p>17.never</p><p>18.ever</p><p>EXERCISE36</p><p>1.already</p><p>2.still</p><p>3.already</p><p>4.never</p><p>5.still</p><p>6.ever</p><p>7.ever</p><p>8.never</p><p>9.ever</p><p>10.ever</p><p>11.never</p><p>12.ever</p><p>13.yet</p><p>14.already</p><p>15.ever</p><p>16.still</p><p>17.yet</p><p>EXERCISE37</p><p>1.in</p><p>2.by/at</p><p>3.in</p><p>4.to</p><p>5.among</p><p>6.becauseof</p><p>7.Before</p><p>8.in</p><p>9.above/over</p><p>10.on</p><p>11.in</p><p>12.in</p><p>13.on</p><p>14.at</p><p>15.in</p><p>16.with</p><p>17.from</p><p>18.off</p><p>19.between</p><p>20.for</p><p>21.for</p><p>22.before</p><p>23.on</p><p>24.above/over</p><p>25.of/about</p><p>EXERCISE38</p><p>1.of</p><p>2.into</p><p>3.about/of</p><p>4.for/to</p><p>5.of/to</p><p>6.of/for</p><p>7.to</p><p>8.in/at</p><p>9.of</p><p>10.for/for</p><p>11.into</p><p>12.in</p><p>13.away</p><p>14.by/across</p><p>15.to</p><p>16.off</p><p>17.about/up</p><p>18.about</p><p>19.at</p><p>20.to/about</p><p>EXERCISE39</p><p>1.In</p><p>2.on</p><p>3.in</p><p>4.in</p><p>5.about</p><p>6.of</p><p>7.of</p><p>8.of</p><p>9.of</p><p>10.on</p><p>11.in</p><p>12.of</p><p>13.from</p><p>14.to</p><p>15.On</p><p>16.off</p><p>17.for</p><p>18.to</p><p>19.for</p><p>20.from</p><p>21.to</p><p>EXERCISE40</p><p>1.A</p><p>2.D</p><p>3.B</p><p>4.A</p><p>5.B</p><p>6.A</p><p>7.C</p><p>8.C</p><p>9.D</p><p>10.A</p><p>11.C</p><p>12.A</p><p>13.A</p><p>EXERCISE41</p><p>1.and—twoideas</p><p>2.but—contrast</p><p>3.so—twoideas</p><p>4.but—contrast</p><p>5.nor—twoideas</p><p>6.yet—twoideas</p><p>7.and—twowordsofthesamepartofspeech</p><p>8.for—twoideas</p><p>9.nor—twowordsofthesamepartofspeech</p><p>10.but—contrast</p><p>11.and—twoideas</p><p>12.but—twoideas</p><p>13.and—twowordsofthesamepartofspeech</p><p>14.and—twoideas(commands=twoideas)</p><p>15.or—twowordsofthesamepartofspeechbut—contrast</p><p>EXERCISE42</p><p>1.fries</p><p>2.magnifies</p><p>3.pinch</p><p>4.itches</p><p>5.deny</p><p>6.does</p><p>7.marches</p><p>8.teaches</p><p>9.hurry</p><p>10.blush</p><p>11.wash</p><p>12.fishes</p><p>13.studies</p><p>14.go</p><p>15.scorches</p><p>16.apply</p><p>17.dries</p><p>18.flies</p><p>19.bleaches</p><p>20.cries</p><p>EXERCISE43</p><p>1.have</p><p>2.did</p><p>3.is</p><p>4.can</p><p>5.will</p><p>6.do</p><p>7.painted</p><p>8.seems</p><p>9.had</p><p>10.were</p><p>EXERCISE44</p><p>1.Canwesee...?</p><p>2.DoesNancyhave...?</p><p>3.Mightthelandlordraise...?</p><p>4.Wouldhelike...?</p><p>5.WillSusanbe...?</p><p>6.Shouldthestudents...?</p><p>7.DidIhave...?</p><p>8.DidEnricobuy...?</p><p>9.DoesTarapaint...?</p><p>10.Dothecarpentersknow...?</p><p>EXERCISE45</p><p>1.Tomatoesdon’tgrowontrees.</p><p>2.Thesundoesn’tshineatnight.</p><p>3.Roosterscan’tlayeggs.</p><p>4.Alligatorsdidn’tliveinthedesertlongago.</p><p>5.Myrosescan’tgrowwithoutwater.</p><p>6.TheFrenchdidn’tinventtheconceptofzero.</p><p>7.Heshouldn’tstudystatistics.</p><p>8.Mostluxurycarsdon’tgetgoodgasmileage.</p><p>9.Boliviadoesn’thavealargeport.</p><p>10.Lionsdon’thavefeathers.</p><p>EXERCISE46</p><p>1.willgrow</p><p>2.willserve</p><p>3.willarrive</p><p>4.willsleep</p><p>5.willbegin</p><p>6.willbe</p><p>7.willlive</p><p>8.willhappen</p><p>9.won’tbloom</p><p>10.willcount</p><p>EXERCISE47</p><p>Answerswillvary.</p><p>1.Itbeginsat8:00.Itdoesn’tbeginat11:00.</p><p>2.Thechildreneatpeanutbuttersandwiches.Theydon’teatspinach.</p><p>3.Shesleepseighthourseveryday.Shedoesnotsleeplateonweekdays.</p><p>4.Thedogrunsawayfromthecat.Thedogdoesnotrunawayfromthe</p><p>children.</p><p>5.Yes,hedrivestotheuniversityeveryday.No,hedoesn’tdrivetoworkevery</p><p>day.</p><p>6.Yes,shewalkswiththechildren.No,shedoesn’twalkwiththedog.</p><p>7.IngridsingsSpanishsongs.Shedoesn’tsingItaliansongs.</p><p>8.Majadancesatparties.Shedoesn’tdanceinclass.</p><p>9.Themanagertalkswiththesalesdepartment.Hedoesnottalkwiththe</p><p>advertisingdepartment.</p><p>10.AliareadstheWashingtonPost.ShedoesnotreadNewsweek.</p><p>11.Yes,shewritesletterstoherfamily.No,shedoesn’twriteletterstoher</p><p>students.</p><p>12.Yes,itservesexcellentfood.No,itdoesn’tserveJapanesefood.</p><p>EXERCISE48</p><p>1.forgotten</p><p>2.gone</p><p>3.dug</p><p>4.brought...sang</p><p>5.sold</p><p>6.slept</p><p>7.drank</p><p>8.flew</p><p>9.fell</p><p>10.froze</p><p>11.eaten</p><p>12.sank</p><p>13.understood</p><p>14.told</p><p>15.saw</p><p>16.blew</p><p>EXERCISE49</p><p>1.were</p><p>2.saw</p><p>3.seemed</p><p>4.decided</p><p>5.approached</p><p>6.saw</p><p>7.bought</p><p>8.parked</p><p>9.walked</p><p>10.were</p><p>11.looked</p><p>12.asked</p><p>13.wanted</p><p>14.said</p><p>15.wanted</p><p>16.picked</p><p>17.moved</p><p>18.selected</p><p>19.could</p><p>20.told</p><p>21.advertised</p><p>22.put</p><p>23.made</p><p>EXERCISE50</p><p>1.Ipaintedthehousetwoweeksago.</p><p>2.IbegantostudyEnglishthreesemestersago.</p><p>3.Yes,theplanearrivedtenminutesago.</p><p>4.We(you)studiedthepasttensefivedaysago.</p><p>5.Janicebeganworkingfortheelectriccompanyeightyearsago.</p><p>6.No,Ididn’tfinishmyhomeworktwohoursago.</p><p>7.Theycaughtthebusonehourago.</p><p>8.Carolmovedheresevenmonthsago.</p><p>9.Thisclassbegan20minutesago.</p><p>10.ImetMrs.Nelsonsixweeksago.</p><p>11.Waldemarstartedhisweightliftingprogramfourmonthsago.</p><p>12.NinaandBengotmarried10yearsago.</p><p>13.No,wedidn’tbuyanewcarsixdaysago.</p><p>14.SandyandJoansenttheweddinginvitationsonemonthago.</p><p>15.Thenewmuseumopenedfouryearsago.</p><p>EXERCISE51</p><p>1.wasdreaming</p><p>2.willbemeeting</p><p>3.isacting</p><p>4.aretaking</p><p>5.iswriting</p><p>6.wasrunning</p><p>7.wasraining</p><p>8.willbevisiting</p><p>9.willbemarrying</p><p>10.waspreparing</p><p>11.willbesailing</p><p>12.wastrying</p><p>13.willbedriving</p><p>14.iseating</p><p>15.willbegraduating</p><p>16.will...begetting</p><p>17.willbeprogramming</p><p>18.willbegrowing</p><p>19.wascopying</p><p>20.willbephotographing</p><p>EXERCISE52</p><p>1.am</p><p>2.think</p><p>3.amwalking</p><p>4.amwondering/wonder</p><p>5.aredoing</p><p>6.imagine</p><p>7.isdancing</p><p>8.areplaying</p><p>9.iswriting</p><p>10.ismeeting</p><p>11.go</p><p>12.sit</p><p>13.study</p><p>14.swim</p><p>15.plan</p><p>16.know</p><p>17.arehaving</p><p>18.aredoing</p><p>19.like</p><p>20.need</p><p>EXERCISE53</p><p>1.aretaking</p><p>2.calls</p><p>3.knows</p><p>4.isgrowing</p><p>5.play</p><p>6.buys</p><p>7.areusing</p><p>8.park</p><p>9.ispreparing</p><p>10.ispacking</p><p>11.isstudying</p><p>12.go</p><p>13.iseating</p><p>14.istalking</p><p>15.works</p><p>16.isforcing</p><p>17.ishopping</p><p>18.mixes</p><p>19.tries</p><p>20.arewaiting</p><p>EXERCISE54</p><p>1.ferociously</p><p>2.firmly</p><p>3.easy</p><p>4.fragrant</p><p>5.angry</p><p>6.exclusively</p><p>7.delicious</p><p>8.depressed</p><p>9.hurriedly</p><p>10.zealously</p><p>11.courageously</p><p>12.quickly</p><p>13.unbelievably</p><p>14.madly</p><p>15.good</p><p>16.wonderful</p><p>17.surprisingly</p><p>18.carefully</p><p>19.unwilling</p><p>20.smooth</p><p>EXERCISE55</p><p>1.grateful</p><p>2.tired</p><p>3.quietly</p><p>4.excited</p><p>5.sour</p><p>6.beautiful</p><p>7.uncertain</p><p>8.durable</p><p>9.silently</p><p>10.rich</p><p>11.honest</p><p>12.discreet</p><p>13.threatening</p><p>1.violent</p><p>1.recklessly</p><p>16.cold</p><p>17.correctly</p><p>18.good</p><p>19.firm</p><p>20.quickly</p><p>EXERCISE56</p><p>1.N</p><p>2.F</p><p>3.M</p><p>4.E</p><p>5.C</p><p>6.G</p><p>7.D</p><p>8.J</p><p>9.K</p><p>10.I</p><p>11.A</p><p>12.B</p><p>13.H</p><p>14.L</p><p>EXERCISE57</p><p>1.J</p><p>2.N</p><p>3.E</p><p>4.I</p><p>5.G</p><p>6.L</p><p>7.K</p><p>8.D</p><p>9.C</p><p>10.H</p><p>11.B</p><p>12.M</p><p>13.F</p><p>14.A</p><p>EXERCISE58</p><p>1.F</p><p>2.D</p><p>3.A</p><p>4.B</p><p>5.C</p><p>6.E</p><p>7.G</p><p>8.L</p><p>9.H</p><p>10.J</p><p>11.K</p><p>12.O</p><p>13.N</p><p>14.I</p><p>15.P</p><p>16.M</p><p>EXERCISE59</p><p>1.do</p><p>2.made</p><p>3.make</p><p>4.made</p><p>5.make</p><p>6.do</p><p>7.do</p><p>8.made</p><p>9.make</p><p>10.make</p><p>11.do</p><p>12.done</p><p>13.doing</p><p>14.make</p><p>15.do</p><p>16.do</p><p>17.do</p><p>18.do</p><p>19.do</p><p>20.make</p><p>21.do</p><p>22.make</p><p>23.make</p><p>24.make</p><p>25.made</p><p>EXERCISE60</p><p>Answers</p><p>willvary.</p><p>EXERCISE61</p><p>Answerswillvary.</p><p>EXERCISE62</p><p>Answerswillvary.</p><p>EXERCISE63</p><p>1.Don’tbuyicecreamatthegrocerystore.</p><p>2.Don’tcookthespaghettiforonlytenminutes.</p><p>3.WealwaystellourfriendsnottogototheChineserestaurant.</p><p>4.Mymotheralwaysasksmenottowalkslowly.</p><p>5.Don’ttelluswhatyourproblemis.</p><p>6.Don’trideyourbicycleinthestreet.</p><p>7.Don’tsendyourlettertotheoffice.</p><p>8.Don’taskthemtosendthecheckinthemail.</p><p>9.Ifyoucannotsolvetheproblem,don’taskTed.</p><p>10.Theinsurancecompanyorderedtheclientnottomakepaymentonthebill.</p><p>EXERCISE64</p><p>1.StudythevocabularyinChapter3.Don’tstudythevocabularyinChapter4.</p><p>2.Don’tpayyourfeesbeforeJune20.</p><p>3.Parkinthebluezone.Don’tparkintheredzone.</p><p>4.Arrivebefore8:15.Don’tarriveafter9:00.</p><p>5.ReturnthebooksafterJune30.Don’treturnthembeforeJune30.</p><p>6.Eatinthefacultydiningarea.Don’teatinyouroffice.</p><p>7.Don’trideonthesidewalk.</p><p>8.Don’tbringaSpanishdictionarytoclass.</p><p>9.DoyourlaundryonSaturday.Don’tdoyourlaundryonFriday.</p><p>10.Don’twriteyourSocialSecuritynumberonthefrontofyourchecks.</p><p>EXERCISE65</p><p>Answerswillvary,butherearesomepossibilities:</p><p>1.Getupearlierandarriveontime.</p><p>2.Giveyourwifemoremoneyformedicine.Buythemedicineforyour</p><p>children.</p><p>3.Stopbeingsobossy.Benicertoeveryone.</p><p>4.Ms.Tamuko,cleanupyouryard.Getridofalthatjunkinyouyard.</p><p>5.Ms.Davis,payyourcreditorsimmediately.</p><p>6.Raymond,bequietinmycourtroom.Don’ttalkunlessIspeaktoyou.</p><p>7.Mrs.Kaley,keepyourchildrenquiet.Tellyourchildrentobequiet.Control</p><p>yourchildren.</p><p>8.Vincent,getajob.Getupandgotowork.</p><p>9.Mandy,stopreadingtrashynovels.Getagoodbook.Gotothelibraryand</p><p>findagoodbook.</p><p>10.Flo,goonadiet.Seeadoctoraboutyourweight.Stopeatingjunkfood.Eat</p><p>healthyfood.</p><p>11.Dennis,stopspendingsomuchmoney.Controlyourspending.Spendwisely.</p><p>Getabetterjob.</p><p>12.Bobby,stopstealingcars.Getcounseling.</p><p>13.Ms.Jackson,leantocook.Takethisbackandfixmesomethingelse.</p><p>14.Dr.Taylor,loweryourprices.Haveaheart.</p><p>15.Mrs.Riordan,gethelpforyouson.Stopgivinghimalcohol.</p><p>16.Mario,studyharderandgetbettergrades.Getatutor.Talktoyourprofessors</p><p>andgetsomehelp.</p><p>17.Sandy,benicertoyourbrothersandsisters.Speakkindlytothem.</p><p>18.Mark,learntotype.Getaprofessionaltypist.</p><p>19.Dr.Daniels,getamicrophone,speakloudandclearly.Useabetterchoiceof</p><p>words.</p><p>20.Sue,getalife.Takeupsomesports.Joinaclub.Meetsomeinteresting</p><p>people.</p><p>EXERCISE66</p><p>1.cooking</p><p>2.speaking</p><p>3.be</p><p>4.swimming</p><p>5.go</p><p>6.attending</p><p>7.wearing</p><p>8.belong</p><p>9.be</p><p>10.practicing</p><p>11.getting</p><p>12.driving</p><p>13.dance</p><p>14.live</p><p>15.working</p><p>16.eating</p><p>17.typing</p><p>18.sewing</p><p>19.direct</p><p>20.skiing</p><p>EXERCISE67</p><p>1.had</p><p>2.is</p><p>3.has</p><p>4.would</p><p>5.had</p><p>6.is</p><p>7.is</p><p>8.had</p><p>9.had</p><p>10.is</p><p>11.is</p><p>12.would</p><p>13.would</p><p>14.is</p><p>15.would</p><p>16.would</p><p>17.is</p><p>18.is</p><p>19.had</p><p>20.has</p><p>EXERCISE68</p><p>1.Joan’s</p><p>2.Who’d</p><p>3.What’s</p><p>4.Mel’s</p><p>5.You’d</p><p>6.he’d</p><p>7.Sonya’s</p><p>8.Mark’s</p><p>9.he’d</p><p>10.I’d...they’d</p><p>11.what’s</p><p>12.When’s</p><p>13.It’sbeen...I’vegone</p><p>14.We’d</p><p>15.Sue’d</p><p>16.Bernie’d...it’dbeen</p><p>17.you’d</p><p>18.Kurt’s</p><p>19.You’dbe</p><p>20.Mrs.Hart’s</p><p>EXERCISE69</p><p>1.C</p><p>2.A</p><p>3.C</p><p>4.A</p><p>5.C</p><p>6.C</p><p>7.A</p><p>8.C</p><p>9.A</p><p>10.B</p><p>11.C</p><p>12.C</p><p>13.B</p><p>14.C</p><p>15.C</p><p>16.C</p><p>EXERCISE70</p><p>1.sing,sings;sang;willsing;am,is,aresinging</p><p>2.write,writes;wrote;willwrite;am,is,arewriting</p><p>3.fly,flies;flew;willfly;am,is,areflying</p><p>4.think,thinks;thought;willthink;am,is,arethinking</p><p>5.bake,bakes;baked;willbake;am,is,arebaking</p><p>6.send,sends;sent;willsend;am,is,aresending</p><p>7.swim,swims;swam;willswim;am,is,areswimming</p><p>8.see,sees;saw;willsee;am,is,areseeing</p><p>9.dance,dances;danced;willdance;am,is,aredancing</p><p>10.run,runs;ran;willrun;am,is,arerunning</p><p>11.drive,drives;drove;willdrive;am,is,aredriving</p><p>12.eat,eats;ate;willeat;am,is,areeating</p><p>13.fry,fries;fried;willfry;am,is,arefrying</p><p>14.prepare,prepares;prepared;willprepare;am,is,arepreparing</p><p>15.carry,carries;carried;willcarry;am,is,arecarrying</p><p>EXERCISE71</p><p>EXERCISE72</p><p>1.C</p><p>2.D</p><p>3.B</p><p>4.A</p><p>5.B</p><p>6.B</p><p>7.D</p><p>8.A</p><p>9.B</p><p>10.A</p><p>11.B</p><p>12.B</p><p>13.A</p><p>14.A</p><p>15.B</p><p>16.B</p><p>17.B</p><p>18.B</p><p>19.A</p><p>20.B</p><p>EXERCISE73</p><p>1.HisliveinKansas.</p><p>2.Theirsisdowntown.</p><p>3.Theirshasapatio.</p><p>4.Weboughtours.</p><p>5.Youneedyoursstamped.</p><p>6.Canheeathisnow?</p><p>7.Dohersworkintheoffice?</p><p>8.Whenwillyoureceiveyours?</p><p>9.Allofyoutookyourslastweek.</p><p>10.oursishigherthanyours.</p><p>EXERCISE74</p><p>1.Theyhavetheirsandmine.</p><p>2.Minewillbereadyafter3p.m.</p><p>3.Shepassedhers.</p><p>4.HisliveinGreeneville.</p><p>5.Thosearehers.</p><p>6.Jamescanidentifyhis.</p><p>7.Ours(Yours)haveexpired(arelost).</p><p>8.I’vewrittenmine.</p><p>9.Yourscometovisitoften(seldom,etc.).</p><p>10.Ours(Mine)willarrivetomorrow.</p><p>EXERCISE75</p><p>1.Getmesomecoffee.</p><p>2.Theteacherreadthemthestory.</p><p>3.Timleftyouthisgift.</p><p>4.Theartistdrewmeaportrait.</p><p>5.Mysonfeedsthedogitsfoodeveryday.</p><p>6.Thecompanywillbuildusahouseverysoon.</p><p>7.Sally,showmeyourdoll.</p><p>8.Mr.DixonofferedTracythejob.</p><p>9.Pleasefindmemysweater.</p><p>10.Ipromisedtogethimabird.</p><p>EXERCISE76</p><p>1.Peterowesmanyfavorstoyou.</p><p>2.Annetteshowedthenewdresstohermother.</p><p>3.Aliceismakinganafghanforhersister.</p><p>4.Cutsomecakeforthembeforeitdisappears.</p><p>5.I’llsendthephotostoyouassoonastheyarrive.</p><p>6.Bringthatcarttome.</p><p>7.Janet’sgrandmotherleftaspecialringtoher.</p><p>8.Soniapaidthemoneytotheticketagent.</p><p>9.Myfriendreadthenoticeinthepapertome.</p><p>10.Nobodyboughtanythingforustoeat.</p><p>EXERCISE77</p><p>1.Mr.andMrs.Smithsingtoeachotheroften.</p><p>2.ChrisandRachelseeeachotheronweekends.</p><p>3.Wefindeachotherinaworldofgreattechnologicaladvances.</p><p>4.HenryandJoanlookforeachotherinthecrowd.</p><p>5.Martyandhissisterteaseeachotherabouttheirpronunciation.</p><p>6.StanandNancyandtheirfriendsbuyoneanotherChristmasgifts.</p><p>7.MysisterandIgiveeachothermoralsupport.</p><p>8.ThesoldierandiswifeheldeachothertightlyafterhisreturnfromIraq.</p><p>9.TomandSallykneweachotherforyearsbeforegettingmarried.</p><p>10.TonyandhismothermeetonThursdaysforlunch.</p><p>11.Nancyandhermotherspeaktoeachotheronthetelephoneeveryday.</p><p>12.RomeoandJulietlovedeachotherverymuch.</p><p>13.JohnandPauldonottakeeachotherseriously.</p><p>14.JudyandChristinetelleachothersecrets.</p><p>EXERCISE78</p><p>1.who</p><p>2.whom</p><p>3.who</p><p>4.whomever</p><p>5.whoever</p><p>6.whom</p><p>7.whom</p><p>8.whom</p><p>9.Whoever</p><p>10.whom</p><p>11.whoever</p><p>12.who</p><p>13.who</p><p>14.whom</p><p>15.who</p><p>16.who</p><p>17.whomever</p><p>18.whom</p><p>19.Whoever</p><p>20.Whoever</p><p>EXERCISE79</p><p>1.theywant>hewants,theydon’t>hedoesn’t</p><p>2.their>his/her</p><p>3.their>her</p><p>4.they>he</p><p>5.their>his/her</p><p>6.their>he/shecome>comes</p><p>7.they>hetheywillbegoodcitizens>hewillbeagoodcitizen.</p><p>8.their>its</p><p>9.himself>themselves</p><p>10.her>their</p><p>11.it>them</p><p>12.it>them</p><p>13.it>the</p><p>14.they>he,their>his</p><p>15.it>them</p><p>16.their>its</p><p>17.theyare>he,sheis,</p><p>18.we>you</p><p>19.their>its</p><p>20.their>his/her</p><p>EXERCISE80</p><p>1.B</p><p>2.D</p><p>3.D</p><p>4.B</p><p>5.D</p><p>6.A</p><p>EXERCISE81</p><p>1.B</p><p>2.A</p><p>3.D</p><p>4.B</p><p>5.D</p><p>6.D</p><p>7.B</p><p>8.B</p><p>9.B</p><p>10.B</p><p>11.A</p><p>12.D</p><p>13.D</p><p>14.C</p><p>EXERCISE82</p><p>1.anyother</p><p>2.theothers/another</p><p>3.Theother</p><p>4.others</p><p>5.anyother</p><p>6.another</p><p>7.theother</p><p>8.another</p><p>9.theothers</p><p>10.another</p><p>11.Some(Other)</p><p>12.another</p><p>13.others</p><p>14.theother/other</p><p>15.others</p><p>16.anyother(another)</p><p>EXERCISE83</p><p>1.C</p><p>2.B</p><p>3.C</p><p>4.C</p><p>5.D</p><p>EXERCISE84</p><p>1.C</p><p>2.B</p><p>3.C</p><p>4.B</p><p>5.A</p><p>EXERCISE85</p><p>1.any</p><p>2.another</p><p>3.his</p><p>4.others</p><p>5.Other</p><p>6.its</p><p>7.they</p><p>8.him</p><p>9.us</p><p>10.its</p><p>EXERCISE86</p><p>1.pale</p><p>2.corporeal</p><p>3.terrestrial</p><p>4.celestial</p><p>5.religious</p><p>6.studious</p><p>7.nocturnal</p><p>8.well-timed</p><p>9.annual</p><p>10.paternal</p><p>EXERCISE87</p><p>1.beautiful</p><p>2.amiable</p><p>3.organized</p><p>4.holy</p><p>5.uncourageous</p><p>6.materialistic</p><p>7.expensive</p><p>8.diurnal</p><p>9.fraternal</p><p>10.maternal</p><p>EXERCISE88</p><p>1.Ivanhasjustboughtafive-doorstationwagon.</p><p>2.Mycousinlikesthatlovelygrayfour-compartmentpurse.</p><p>3.Wehaveanew9.6-GBcomputer.</p><p>4.Thereisanew30-inch-screentelevisioninthelobby.</p><p>5.Sherrylikeshernewfour-speakerstereo.</p><p>6.Whenwewentonvacationwetookan80-quartcooler.</p><p>7.TheEmpireStateBuildingisa92-storystructure.</p><p>8.Canyouchangethis$20bill.</p><p>9.InourEnglishclasslastweek,wehadtowritea250-wordcomposition.</p><p>10.Wetooka10-weektripacrossAmerica.</p><p>11.Gastoniaissix-hourdrivefromhere.</p><p>12.Angelawasveryupsetbecauseshehadspilledafive-galloncanofoliveoil.</p><p>13.Susieneedsthreeyardsof60-inchmaterialforherdress.</p><p>14.Tomhasjustboughtafive-piecebedroomset.</p><p>15.Evalivesinahousewithatwo-cargarage.</p><p>16.Barbaramadeanewfive-buttonwintercoat.</p><p>17.Paulhasanewfive-speedbicycle.</p><p>18.Montyrepairscars,soheboughta125-piecetoolset.</p><p>19.Weneedanine-footextensioncord.</p><p>20.Mynewcamplightneedsanine-voltbattery.</p><p>EXERCISE89</p><p>1.Heneedsafour-voltbatteryforhisradio.</p><p>2.Wetookasix-dayjourneythroughthemountains.</p><p>3.Canyouchangethisten-dollarbill?</p><p>4.Mycousinhasjustboughtathree-storyhouse.</p><p>5.Nancyjustboughtatwo-piecebathingsuit.</p><p>6.Marcellahasaten-roomapartment.</p><p>7.Theteachersaidthatweneededthree-inchmarginsonthecomposition.</p><p>8.TheManleysowna19-inchcolortelevision.</p><p>9.Weinstalledaneight-tracktapeplayerinthecar.</p><p>10.Myfriendhasafive-gallongascan.</p><p>11.Thereisanewmodel44-keytypewriter.</p><p>12.Theflagkitcomeswitha17-footpole.</p><p>13.Mandyalwaysusesthethree-tierplatterwhensheentertains.</p><p>14.Thesalesmantriedtosellusafive-piecediningset.</p><p>15.Mynewmicrowavehasa25-minutetimer.</p><p>16.Susanhasanewtwo-goldbuttonminkcoat.</p><p>17.Peteralwaysuses800-speedfilmforhiscamera.</p><p>18.TheNelsonshaveanewfour-doorcar.</p><p>19.WhenthePresidentpassed,thesoldiersgavehima21-gunsalute.</p><p>20.Veronicaboughtanew15-pieceteaset.</p><p>EXERCISE90</p><p>1.goldjewelry</p><p>2.woolclothes</p><p>3.plasticforks</p><p>4.minkcoat</p><p>5.silkflowers</p><p>6.brasschimes</p><p>7.paperflowers</p><p>8.taffetaskirt</p><p>9.brickhouse</p><p>10.chinaplates</p><p>11.eelskinshoes</p><p>12.crayonartkit</p><p>13.leatherbriefcase</p><p>14.woodbookcases</p><p>15.copperframe</p><p>16.silkdress</p><p>17.rayonclothes</p><p>18.treehouse</p><p>19.stonepatio</p><p>20.diamondring</p><p>EXERCISE91</p><p>1.coffeecream</p><p>2.vegetablesoup</p><p>3.fruitsalad</p><p>4.wristwatch</p><p>5.desklamp</p><p>6.moviecamera</p><p>7.bookcovers</p><p>8.dressfactory</p><p>9.leathergloves</p><p>10.cottonshirt</p><p>11.Christmastree</p><p>12.shoppingbag</p><p>13.photoalbum</p><p>14.chemistrylab</p><p>15.summervacation</p><p>16.stainedglasswindow</p><p>17.trainticket</p><p>18.busstation</p><p>19.paperplates</p><p>20.handcream</p><p>EXERCISE92</p><p>1.raided</p><p>2.requested</p><p>3.interesting</p><p>4.settled</p><p>5.explored</p><p>6.paid</p><p>7.working</p><p>8.stolen</p><p>9.dreaded</p><p>10.escaping</p><p>11.hated</p><p>12.missing</p><p>13.planning</p><p>14.postponed</p><p>15.wandering</p><p>16.fighting</p><p>17.graduating</p><p>18.freezing</p><p>19.locked</p><p>20.invited</p><p>EXERCISE93</p><p>1.admiring</p><p>2.conflicting</p><p>3.shaped</p><p>4.warped</p><p>5.climbing</p><p>6.rising</p><p>7.questioning</p><p>8.lettered</p><p>9.simmering</p><p>10.smiling</p><p>11.speeding</p><p>12.enveloping</p><p>13.littered</p><p>14.bouncing</p><p>15.crushed</p><p>16.exhausting</p><p>17.opened</p><p>18.whining</p><p>19.returned</p><p>20.polluted</p><p>EXERCISE94</p><p>Answerswillvary.</p><p>1....thesooneryouwillgetthere.</p><p>2....thefartheritwent.</p><p>3....thehotteritgot.</p><p>4....thesooneryoucanleave.</p><p>5....thedarkerthephotographgot.</p><p>6....themorehorsepoweryouwillhave.</p><p>7....thethirstierIget.</p><p>8....themoreitlookedlikerain.</p><p>9....themorenervousIgot.</p><p>10....thelongeritwilltakeyoutogethere.</p><p>EXERCISE95</p><p>1.StudentsintheUnitedStatesstudythree-quartersasmuchasstudentsin</p><p>CostaRica.</p><p>2.ItistwiceashotinPhoenixasinButte.</p><p>3.Washingtonstatewasaterritory12timesaslongasNevada.</p><p>4.PeruhastwiceasmanynationalholidaysastheUnitedStates.</p><p>5.EnglandandWalesproduceeighttimesasmanymajorproductsasthe</p><p>FalklandIslands.</p><p>6.YouneedsixtimesasmanyTurkishpoundsasIndonesianrupiahstoequal</p><p>oneAmericandollar.</p><p>7.Icelandisaboutone-thirdaslargeasthecontinentofAfrica.Africaisabout</p><p>300timesaslargeasIceland.</p><p>8.Thediameteroftheearthisalmostfourtimesasbigasthatofthemoon.</p><p>9.TheSnakeRiverisaboutone-fourthaslargeastheNile.</p><p>10.TheAnapurnaMountainsinNepalareaboutfourandahalftimesashighas</p><p>MountMitchellinNorthCarolina.</p><p>EXERCISE96</p><p>1.fox</p><p>2.bear</p><p>3.done</p><p>4.picture</p><p>5.rock</p><p>6.theharder</p><p>7.wind</p><p>8.never</p><p>9.day/noseonyourface</p><p>10.wink</p><p>11.sorry</p><p>12.thebetter</p><p>13.thebetter</p><p>14.mule</p><p>15.ghost/sheet</p><p>16.beet/lobster/tomato</p><p>17.tack</p><p>18.bee</p><p>19.owl</p><p>20.ox</p><p>EXERCISE97</p><p>1.Pharmacists’jobsaredifferentfromelectricians’jobs.</p><p>2.Chicago’stemperaturesarelowerthanFlorida’stemperatures.</p><p>3.Susana’scoatisprettierthanRosa’scoat.</p><p>4.Chestnut’ssuppliesaremoreexpensivethanKmart’ssupplies.</p><p>5.Eric’ssportscarisfasterthanDavid’scar.</p><p>6.Connie’sexamwasmoredifficultthanhersister’sexam.</p><p>7.Ralph’snewCorvettecostmorethanhisuncle’sCorvette.</p><p>8.Painters’livesaremorediversifiedthanteachers’lives.</p><p>9.Musicians’practicesessionsarelongerthandancers’sessions.</p><p>10.Theuniversity’sfacultyismoreexperiencedthanthecollege’sfaculty.</p><p>EXERCISE98</p><p>1.quality</p><p>2.material</p><p>3.color</p><p>4.quality</p><p>5.noun</p><p>6.limiting</p><p>7.limiting</p><p>8.form</p><p>9.form</p><p>10.material</p><p>11.description</p><p>12.form</p><p>13.form</p><p>14.texture</p><p>15.description</p><p>16.texture</p><p>17.noun/color</p><p>18.intensity</p><p>19.limiting</p><p>20.size</p><p>21.quality</p><p>22.form</p><p>23.form</p><p>24.description</p><p>25.quality</p><p>26.quality</p><p>27.texture</p><p>28.color/noun</p><p>29.color/noun</p><p>30.quality</p><p>31.quality</p><p>EXERCISE99</p><p>Answerswillvary.</p><p>Answerswillvary</p><p>EXERCISE100</p><p>1.thelongelegantredsatindress</p><p>2.theboy’sbigroundbeachball</p><p>3.asmallbrightovaldiamondring</p><p>4.Rita’snewsleekbluesportscar</p><p>5.December’smanylongcoldwinternights</p><p>6.15littlefatfurrykoalabears</p><p>7.twobigwhiteostrichfeathers</p><p>8.fiveroundriperedtomatoes</p><p>9.alargeoldsoftcomfortablechair</p><p>10.thelongdelicateruby-encrustedhandle</p><p>EXERCISE101</p><p>1.D</p><p>2.B</p><p>3.B</p><p>4.A</p><p>5.A</p><p>6.B</p><p>7.C</p><p>8.C</p><p>9.C</p><p>10.C</p><p>EXERCISE102</p><p>1.C</p><p>2.D</p><p>3.D</p><p>4.A</p><p>5.A</p><p>6.B</p><p>EXERCISE103</p><p>1.bothare</p><p>2.theirsisteris</p><p>3.membersgo</p><p>4.wehavecardsnotonlyfor...</p><p>5.eitheris</p><p>6.planningtogonotonlytoSwitzerlandbutalso</p><p>7.John...hopestobeaprofessionalwriter</p><p>8.sweetsare</p><p>9.bouquetwasfilledwithnotonly...butalso...</p><p>10.guestspay</p><p>11.Iwanttobuyboth...</p><p>12.doors...have</p><p>13.flowersare</p><p>14.governmenthasboththepowerand...</p><p>15.both...are</p><p>EXERCISE104</p><p>1.Yes,thechildhasdrunkhismilk.No,thechildhasn’tdrunkhismilk.</p><p>2.Yes,Maryhassoldherhouse.No,Maryhasn’tsoldherhouse.</p><p>3.Yes,thedirectorshavethoughtaboutasolutiontotheproblem.No,the</p><p>directorshaven’tthoughaboutasolutiontotheproblem.</p><p>4.Yes,allofushavespokentotheteacher.No,allofushaven’tspokentothe</p><p>teacher.</p><p>5.Yes,Ihavewornmynewshirt.No,Ihaven’twornmynewshirt.</p><p>6.Yes,youhavedoneagoodjobonthepresentation.No,youhaven’tdonea</p><p>goodjobonthepresentation.</p><p>EXERCISE105</p><p>1.Ihavenoteatenbreakfastyet.</p><p>2.ithasn’tsnowedalotsinceFebruary</p><p>3.Markhasalreadyworked33hours</p><p>4.hasalreadytyped100letters</p><p>5.hasalreadygiven</p><p>6.havenotpaidmybillsyet</p><p>7.hasvisitedMexico</p><p>8.Ihavereceivedfive</p><p>EXERCISE106</p><p>Answerswillvary,butherearesomepossibilities:</p><p>1.Ihave(never)traveled</p><p>2.Myfamilyhas(never)eaten</p><p>3.Myfriendshave(never)beenin</p><p>4.Myfriendshave(not)visited</p><p>5.Theplanehas(not)arrived</p><p>6.Mybestfriendhas(not,never)played</p><p>7.My(our)teachershave(not)helpedus</p><p>8.Ihavetaken_______exams</p><p>9.I(we)haveeaten_______</p><p>10.Ihave(not)toldmyparents</p><p>EXERCISE107</p><p>1.haswritten</p><p>2.wore</p><p>3.thought</p><p>4.hasread</p><p>5.hasquit</p><p>6.hurt</p><p>7.took</p><p>8.havewaited</p><p>9.hasset</p><p>10.hasseen</p><p>11.finallyreceived</p><p>12.left</p><p>13.danced</p><p>14.ran</p><p>15.blew</p><p>16.hassung</p><p>17.ate</p><p>18.heard</p><p>19.hasswum</p><p>20.caught</p><p>EXERCISE108</p><p>Answerswillvary.</p><p>EXERCISE109</p><p>Answerswillvary.</p><p>EXERCISE110</p><p>1.hadvisited</p><p>2.hadarrived</p><p>3.read</p><p>4.told</p><p>5.hadprepared</p><p>6.improved</p><p>7.made</p><p>8.hadordered</p><p>9.hadwaited</p><p>10.hadpromised</p><p>11.haddanced</p><p>12.hadmailed</p><p>13.gave</p><p>14.hadunderstood</p><p>15.hadgone</p><p>EXERCISE111</p><p>1.hadwon</p><p>2.hadreturned</p><p>3.repaired</p><p>4.remained</p><p>5.haddriven</p><p>6.hadpaid</p><p>7.sank</p><p>8.hadgone</p><p>9.hadnotfrozen</p><p>10.rang</p><p>11.built</p><p>12.caught</p><p>13.hadnottaken</p><p>14.landed</p><p>15.hadnotbought</p><p>16.hadput</p><p>17.hadnoteaten</p><p>18.hadflown</p><p>EXERCISE112</p><p>1.Luishasbeenstudyingintheuniversityforthreesemesters.</p><p>2.Mandyhasbeenskiingforsixhours.</p><p>3.Philhasbeentakinghisfinalexamsforthreehours.</p><p>4.Wehavebeenattendingtheconferenceforsixdays.</p><p>5.HarryandIhavebeendancingforthreemonths.</p><p>6.Theyhavebeeneatingfortwohours.</p><p>7.IhavebeenspeakingSpanishforsixsemesters.</p><p>8.NoelPhelpshasbeenwritingnovelsfor21years.</p><p>9.Jackhasbeendrivingatruckfor14years.</p><p>10.PaulandDorothyhavebeenbuildingtheirhouseforsixmonths.</p><p>11.Kenthasbeenplayingbaseballfor14years.</p><p>12.Ihavebeenwatchingmyfavoritetelevisionprogramforfourmonths.</p><p>13.YouhavebeenplayingtheroleofKingArthurforfiveyears.</p><p>14.IhavebeentakingmysummervacationsinEuropeforeightyears.</p><p>EXERCISE113</p><p>Answerswillvary;however,theverbsshouldbethefollowing:</p><p>1.Ihavebeenstudying</p><p>2.Ihavebeenliving</p><p>3.Myfamilyhasbeenwriting</p><p>4.He/Shehasbeenworking</p><p>5.Theyhavebeenstudying</p><p>6.Wehavebeeneating</p><p>EXERCISE114</p><p>1.waswalking</p><p>2.pulled</p><p>3.looked</p><p>4.saw</p><p>5.waswaiting</p><p>6.appeared</p><p>7.wascarrying</p><p>8.moved</p><p>9.weretalking</p><p>10.arrived</p><p>11.wasreading</p><p>12.waswriting</p><p>13.werenotpaying</p><p>14.realized</p><p>15.got</p><p>16.began</p><p>17.had</p><p>18.were</p><p>19.entered</p><p>20.was</p><p>EXERCISE115</p><p>1.went</p><p>2.arrived</p><p>3.found</p><p>4.wasleaving</p><p>5.wasparking</p><p>6.jumped</p><p>7.wasn’tpaying</p><p>8.hit</p><p>9.got</p><p>10.started</p><p>11.waslooking</p><p>12.brought</p><p>13.said</p><p>14.picked</p><p>15.put</p><p>16.wascutting</p><p>17.decided</p><p>18.waspushing</p><p>19.fell</p><p>20.helped</p><p>EXERCISE116</p><p>1.wastraveling</p><p>2.wrote</p><p>3.wasbrushing</p><p>4.waschanging</p><p>5.made</p><p>6.wascooking</p><p>7.called</p><p>8.walked</p><p>9.weretalking</p><p>10.said</p><p>11.brought</p><p>12.wasgoing</p><p>13.packed</p><p>14.asked</p><p>15.wasclosing</p><p>16.waspouring</p><p>17.wasplaying</p><p>18.hurried/washurrying</p><p>19.wastyping</p><p>20.waswashing</p><p>EXERCISE117</p><p>1.todebate</p><p>2.togo</p><p>3.tobe</p><p>4.seeing</p><p>5.performing</p><p>6.toobey</p><p>7.driving</p><p>8.toallow</p><p>9.tobuy</p><p>10.going</p><p>11.torepair</p><p>12.toyield</p><p>13.toeat</p><p>14.spending</p><p>15.topaint</p><p>16.going</p><p>17.singing</p><p>18.tohave</p><p>19.toentertain</p><p>20.playing</p><p>EXERCISE118</p><p>1.wereraising</p><p>2.rose</p><p>3.risen</p><p>4.raise</p><p>5.raised</p><p>6.rise</p><p>7.willraise</p><p>8.rise</p><p>EXERCISE119</p><p>1.lies</p><p>2.lain</p><p>3.lay</p><p>4.laid</p><p>5.lie</p><p>6.lay</p><p>7.laid</p><p>8.laid</p><p>EXERCISE120</p><p>1.sets/issetting</p><p>2.set</p><p>3.set</p><p>4.set</p><p>5.sitting</p><p>6.sit</p><p>7.set</p><p>8.sat</p><p>9.sit</p><p>EXERCISE121</p><p>1.wouldhavegone</p><p>2.haddone</p><p>3.hadnotleft</p><p>4.pick</p><p>5.speak</p><p>6.took</p><p>7.hadseen</p><p>8.willgraduate</p><p>9.hadhad</p><p>10.wouldhaveattended</p><p>11.couldgo</p><p>12.hadnoteaten</p><p>13.had</p><p>14.hadstudied</p><p>15.couldcatch</p><p>16.werenot/hadnotbeen</p><p>17.wouldstop</p><p>18.hadwon</p><p>19.couldlose</p><p>20.were</p><p>EXERCISE122</p><p>Answerswillvary.</p><p>EXERCISE123</p><p>Answerswillvary.</p><p>EXERCISE124</p><p>1.willevict</p><p>2.will(may,can)attend</p><p>3.show</p><p>4.had(hadhad)</p><p>5.willbe</p><p>6.gets</p><p>7.finds</p><p>8.purchase</p><p>9.will(may,can)notread</p><p>10.arrives</p><p>11.try</p><p>12.prepare</p><p>13.answer</p><p>14.will(may,can)notinsure</p><p>15.receive</p><p>16.leave</p><p>17.will(can,may)miss</p><p>18.tries</p><p>19.put</p><p>20.asks</p><p>EXERCISE125</p><p>Possibleanswers:</p><p>1.Tommustbeagoodswimmer.Tommustbestrong.</p><p>2.Johnprobablydidn’tstudy(mustnothavestudied).</p><p>3.Halmustbeworried.</p><p>4.Hemustbeobnoxious.</p><p>5.Johnmustbesick.</p><p>6.Itwillprobablyrain.Itmustbegoingtorain.</p><p>7.Itwillprobablysnow.Itmustbegoingtosnow.</p><p>8.XianandMaimustbeverygoodfriends.Theywillprobablygetmarried</p><p>someday.</p><p>9.Hemusthaveheardafunnyjoke.</p><p>10.Tommustnotgettoomuchexercise.Tomprobablyeatstoomuch.</p><p>11.Theymustlikemeat.</p><p>12.Theymusthavealotofmoney.Theyprobablyhavealargefamily.</p><p>13.Theymustbehavingfun.Theywillprobablygoingswimming.</p><p>14.IwonderifJoséfailedthetest.</p><p>15.Wewillprobablyarrivelate(missthefirstact).</p><p>16.Melmusthavealotofdebts.Melprobablydoesnotbudgethismoney.</p><p>17....musthavearrived...</p><p>18.Hemustbeagoodemployer.Heprobablyreceivedapromotion.</p><p>19....mustbe20(anynumber)years...</p><p>20.Jakemustbenervous.Hemustberehearsingrightnow.</p><p>EXERCISE126</p><p>Answerswillvary.</p><p>1.Hewasprobablythenewdirector(aprofessor,anartist,...)</p><p>2.Itwasprobably(musthavebeen)eighto’clock(anytime).</p><p>3.Theymusthavebeenveryhappy.</p><p>4.Hemusthavetrainedveryhard.</p><p>5.Hemustnothavestudied.Hemustbeveryunhappy.</p><p>6.Hemusthavebeentired.Hemusthaveenjoyedhistrip.</p><p>7.Theymusthavebeensailingonthehighseas.Theymusthavealotof</p><p>money.</p><p>8.Sheprobablydidn’tfeelgood.Shemusthavehadanearlyclass.She</p><p>probablyhadtogetupearlytoday.</p><p>9.Theymusthavebeensick.Theymusthavehadtoworktoday.</p><p>10.Hemusthaveenjoyedthemovie.</p><p>11.Itmusthaverainedearlier.</p><p>12.Heprobablygotgoodgradesinallofthem.</p><p>13.Shemusthavebeenverytired.</p><p>14.Yourcheckhasprobablyclearedbynow.</p><p>15.Itmusthavearrivedabout10o’clock(anytime).</p><p>16.Therewereprobably50(anynumber)peoplethere.</p><p>17.Theyprobablywent(musthavegone)toGatlinburg.</p><p>18.Hemusthaveseenit10times.(anynumber)</p><p>19.Iwasprobablyeightyearsold.(anyage)</p><p>20.TheymusthaveannouncedthewinnersonSaturday.(anyday)</p><p>EXERCISE127</p><p>1.pass</p><p>2.talks</p><p>3.sits</p><p>4.feeds</p><p>5.fly</p><p>6.peck</p><p>7.throws</p><p>8.come</p><p>9.know</p><p>10.approaches</p><p>11.gives</p><p>12.sees</p><p>13.decides</p><p>14.is</p><p>15.has</p><p>16.speaks</p><p>17.rides</p><p>18.says</p><p>19.is</p><p>20.takes</p><p>EXERCISE128</p><p>1.clashes</p><p>2.is</p><p>3.has</p><p>4.walk</p><p>5.are</p><p>6.are</p><p>7.grow</p><p>8.have</p><p>9.distribute</p><p>10.is</p><p>11.come</p><p>12.contain</p><p>13.is</p><p>14.was</p><p>15.Was</p><p>16.looks</p><p>17.offers</p><p>18.say</p><p>19.breaks</p><p>20.photograph</p><p>EXERCISE129</p><p>1.has</p><p>2.are</p><p>3.likes</p><p>4.is</p><p>5.need</p><p>6.are</p><p>7.wants</p><p>8.frightens</p><p>9.trains</p><p>10.excels</p><p>11.requires</p><p>12.hurt</p><p>13.seems</p><p>14.spend</p><p>15.costs</p><p>16.represents</p><p>17.goes</p><p>18.solve</p><p>19.drive</p><p>20.occur</p><p>EXERCISE130</p><p>1.DeathofaSalesmanwaswrittenin1949.</p><p>2.Thefortwascapturedbytheattackingtroops.</p><p>3.MonticellowasdesignedbyThomasJefferson.</p><p>4.TheDeclarationofIndependencewassignedinPhiladelphia.</p><p>5.Rainisbeingpredictedfortomorrow.</p><p>6.Mostoftheprairiewasdestroyedbyaforestfire.</p><p>7.Manytreeswillbecutdownbythelumberjackstobuildtwelvenewhomes.</p><p>(Twelvenewhomeswillbebuiltafterthetreeshavebeencutdown.)</p><p>8.Beforetheceremonyhadbegun,thecandleswerelitbythealtarboys.</p><p>9.Houdinihadbeenlockedinaboxforoneofhistricks.</p><p>10.Thefinalepisodeoftheprogramwaswatchedbythousandsofviewers.</p><p>11.Theauthor’snameisnotknown.</p><p>12.PassionwasdirectedbyMelGibson.</p><p>13.Thetreatywassignedin1863.</p><p>14.Fivehundredspeedingticketswereissuedyesterday.</p><p>15.ThestockmarketwillbeclosedonJuly4.</p><p>16.AprogramonSpainwillbefeaturedonChannel5onWednesday.</p><p>17.Plansforacelebrationhavebeenmadebythecommittee.</p><p>18.Theoldchurchhadbeentorndownbefore1875.</p><p>EXERCISE131</p><p>1.Thesalesmanorderedanewcar.</p><p>2.Thetechniciananalyzedthewatertoseewhetheritwaspolluted.</p><p>3.I(anyname)amsendingyourpackageairfreight.</p><p>4.We(someone)willsingthenationalanthembeforethesoccermatch.</p><p>5.ThepaintersarepaintingFrank’shousethisweek.</p><p>6.Thefishermenarecatchingfishinlargenumbers</p><p>7.MelFisherhasdiscoveredmuchtreasurefromthesunkenshipTheAtocha.</p><p>8.Theorchestra</p><p>playedmyfavoritesong.</p><p>9.AtonetimetheFrenchoccupiedSt.Augustine.</p><p>10.NancyboughtherdressinAtlantatwoweeksbeforethewedding.</p><p>EXERCISE132:BEAUTIFULHAWAII</p><p>Thepilot flewaplaneloadof touristsoutofLosAngeles towardHawaii.</p><p>Theflightcrewservedawonderfulmealonboard.Thepassengersenjoyedthe</p><p>beautiful scenery en route to the island paradise. Upon arrival, nativewomen</p><p>wearing grass skirts greeted the tourists. They were swaying to Hawaiian</p><p>melodies of traditional music that the local musicians were playing on their</p><p>ukuleles.Manyconsidertheseinstrumentstobenativetotheislands.Oneofthe</p><p>lovelynativesgaveeachofthetouristsacolorfulleioftinyorchids.Thecitizens</p><p>ofthisPacificislandreceivedthetouristswarmly.</p><p>EXERCISE133:STONEHENGE</p><p>In 2750 B.C. an agricultural tribe of sun worshipers built Stonehenge, a</p><p>megalithic structure located inEngland. Scientists have proposed a number of</p><p>theoriesaboutthepurposeofsuchastructureandthemysteryofStonehenge.In</p><p>1963 a British astronomer, Gerald S. Hawkins, proposed the most accepted</p><p>theoryregardingitssignificance.HebelievedthatStonehengewasagiantstone</p><p>calendarandobservatory.“Heelstones”inthecenterofthecomplexmarkedthe</p><p>point at which the sun rose during the midsummer solstice. A religious sect</p><p>calledDruidsperformedritestherethatanthropologistssaydatebacktothetime</p><p>ofAtlantis.Scientistsdiscoveredthathistoricallyandchronologically,however,</p><p>theDruidsandStonehengearefromdifferenteras.</p><p>EXERCISE134</p><p>1.totease</p><p>2.see</p><p>3.apologize</p><p>4.take</p><p>5.towrite</p><p>6.drive</p><p>7.toeat</p><p>8.tovisit</p><p>9.live</p><p>10.toappear</p><p>11.tobe</p><p>12.toaccept</p><p>13.move</p><p>14.togive</p><p>15.toarrive</p><p>16.tostudy</p><p>17.topay</p><p>18.toget</p><p>19.dance</p><p>20.swim</p><p>EXERCISE135</p><p>(verbsonly)</p><p>1.hadgone</p><p>2.hadhad</p><p>3.couldhavecooked</p><p>4.hadbeen</p><p>5.hadn’thadtotake</p><p>6.couldhavegotten</p><p>7.hadnotbeensnowing</p><p>8.hadnothadtomake</p><p>9.couldhavetyped</p><p>10.wouldhavebought</p><p>EXERCISE136</p><p>Answerswillvary.</p><p>EXERCISE137</p><p>1.hadbought</p><p>2.hadnotdriven</p><p>3.hadgotten</p><p>4.hadtaken</p><p>5.had</p><p>6.knew</p><p>7.hadnotdrunk</p><p>8.woulddry</p><p>9.hadnotbeen</p><p>10.read/couldread</p><p>EXERCISE138</p><p>WewishSolangehadn’thadtoworklate.IwishIhadn’thadtowaitforher</p><p>toshoweranddress.Wewishwehadn’tarrivedlateatthepartyandmissedso</p><p>muchofthefun.WewishwewouldhavebeenabletohearJohnnyDurango.We</p><p>wish we could have eaten more than just the leftovers. I wish I could have</p><p>dancedwithPeteSinclair. (IwishPeteSinclairhaddancedwithme.)Solange</p><p>wishes shehadn’tdrunk somuchandgotten sickat theparty.Shewishes she</p><p>hadn’tlostherkeys.WeallwishTomhadn’tofferedtodriveushome.Iwishhe</p><p>weren’tsuchabore!IwishSolangehadn’tgonetobedat11:00.IwishIhadn’t</p><p>watched(hadn’thadtowatch)television.IwishIhadstayedhomethatnight!</p><p>EXERCISE139</p><p>1.told</p><p>2.said</p><p>3.says</p><p>4.tell</p><p>5.tell</p><p>6.told</p><p>7.said</p><p>8.tell</p><p>9.telling</p><p>10.told</p><p>EXERCISE140</p><p>1.totell</p><p>2.says</p><p>3.said</p><p>4.told</p><p>5.said</p><p>6.tell</p><p>7.tells</p><p>8.tell</p><p>9.says</p><p>10.say</p><p>EXERCISE141</p><p>1.Helenaskedwherehewasgoing...</p><p>2.Theprojectdirectorsaidwewouldraise...</p><p>3.Dr.Janskesaidthatmy(your,our)casewasunusual.</p><p>4.Noonemovedwhenthepresidentsaidthathewasresigninghisoffice.</p><p>5.Yolandaaskedwhatkindofjobitwas.</p><p>6.Columbosaidthathewonderedwherethemurderweaponwas.</p><p>7.Intomorrow’sspeech,theambassadorwillsaythatwe(they)would</p><p>negotiatethistreaty.</p><p>8.Dannyaskedhisteacherwhentheexamwouldbe.</p><p>9.MarkAntonysaidthathehadcometoburyCaesar,nottopraisehim.</p><p>10.SaundraaskedwhetherHarlanknewhowtofilloutthese(those)forms.</p><p>11.Themayoraskedwhatwe(they)coulddotoimprovethepark.</p><p>12.Thestrikerssaidthattheywouldnotreturnuntilworkingconditions</p><p>improved.</p><p>13.TheoldladysaidthatDebralookedsillyinthatdress.</p><p>14.Theunhappyfloodvictimssaidthattherewasnothingleftforthemtodo.</p><p>15.Florainsisted(bysaying)thatshewoulddiscuss...</p><p>16.Miloalwayssaysthatnobodyunderstandshim.</p><p>17.Thepolicemansaidthathewasafraidthathewouldhavetogivemeaticket</p><p>...</p><p>EXERCISE142</p><p>1.Janeaskedmeif(whether)Iplanned...</p><p>2.AfamousAmericanpatriottoldhissoldiersnottofireuntiltheysaw...</p><p>3.TheCustomsinspectortoldustoopen...</p><p>4.ThebosstoldThomasthatifheworkedveryhard,hewouldbe...</p><p>5.Thewitnesstoldthejudgethathe(she)hadnothing...</p><p>6.Trudyistellingthecontestantsthatthejudges’decisionwillbefinal.</p><p>7.Therestaurantmanagertoldhiscustomerthathewassorrythathe/shedid</p><p>notenjoyhis/hervealcutlet.</p><p>8.Kerrytoldagroupofphysiciststhatthecompanyhadtoconcentrateon....</p><p>EXERCISE143</p><p>YesterdayCarlosandIwent tovisitsomefriendsofours.Whilewewere</p><p>there,ourhostsaidthathewantedtomakeanadditiontohishouseandthathe</p><p>was lookingforsomeonetohelphimwith theproject.Carlossaid thathewas</p><p>interestedinhisprojectandwouldgladlyhelphimwithit.</p><p>Afterhearingthat,ourhosttoldCarlosthehewouldshowhimexactlywhat</p><p>hehadplannedtodoandaskedhimtogivehimsomesuggestionsonhowtodo</p><p>it.</p><p>While themenwere looking at the house, our hostess tookme into their</p><p>green-houseandshowedmeherlovelycollectionofplants.Shetoldmethatthis</p><p>wasthefirstyearthatallofherplantshadbloomed.Iaskedherwhetherthecold</p><p>bothered them.She toldme thatshehadasmallgasheater installed touseon</p><p>coldnights.</p><p>Weallwentinsidetodiscussplansforthenewproject.</p><p>EXERCISE144</p><p>1.told</p><p>2.said</p><p>3.told</p><p>4.told</p><p>5.told</p><p>6.said</p><p>7.tell</p><p>8.told</p><p>9.tell</p><p>10.said</p><p>11.told</p><p>12.told</p><p>13.says</p><p>14.tells</p><p>15.told</p><p>16.said</p><p>17.said</p><p>18.said</p><p>19.said</p><p>20.told</p><p>EXERCISE145</p><p>1.Theprofessorsaid,“Theclasswillmeetat11.”</p><p>2.Myfriendsaid,“They(We)aregoingtoEuropeforthespring.”</p><p>3.Johnsaid,“Ialwaysfeelbetterinthemorning.”</p><p>4.Marysaid,“Iamgoingtothedancetonight.”</p><p>5.Thesecretarysaid,“Iremembermailingtheletter.”</p><p>6.Frank’sdaughtersaid,“Myfriendhasgraduatedwithhonors.”</p><p>7.Thedoctorsaid,“Ineedyourhelp.”</p><p>8.Johnasked,“Wheredidyougoonyourvacationlastmonth?”</p><p>9.Thelawyerasked,“Whereisthecourthouse?”</p><p>10.Thestudentsasked,“Whenwilltheclassbegin?”</p><p>EXERCISE146</p><p>1.Ourneighborssaidthattheyweregoingtobuyanewcar.</p><p>2.Thepoliticiansaidthatpovertywouldbeabolished.</p><p>3.Theprofessorsaidthatthestudentswereallpresent.</p><p>4.ThelawyertoldMr.Greenthathethoughthecouldhelphim.</p><p>5.Thesenatorwilltellhisconstituentsthatheisinterestedinconservation.</p><p>6.Theguesttoldthehostessthatherdinnerwasdelicious.</p><p>7.Thecoachtoldtheplayersthattheyhadtopracticemore.</p><p>8.MaryaskedJohnif(whether)heenjoyedclassicalmusic.</p><p>9.Thewaitressaskedmeif(whether)Iwasreadytoorder.</p><p>10.Thediplomataskedwhether(if)themeetinghadalreadybegun.</p><p>EXERCISE147</p><p>1.A</p><p>2.B</p><p>3.A</p><p>4.A</p><p>5.A</p><p>6.B</p><p>7.B</p><p>8.A</p><p>9.B</p><p>10.B</p><p>11.B</p><p>12.C</p><p>13.A</p><p>14.C</p><p>15.B</p><p>16.B</p><p>17.A</p><p>TESTONVERBS</p><p>1.A</p><p>2.B</p><p>3.A</p><p>4.C</p><p>5.B</p><p>6.A</p><p>7.B</p><p>8.C</p><p>9.C</p><p>10.A</p><p>11.B</p><p>12.B</p><p>13.B</p><p>14.B</p><p>15.B</p><p>16.B</p><p>17.A</p><p>18.B</p><p>19.B</p><p>20.A</p><p>21.C</p><p>22.C</p><p>23.A</p><p>>children’s</p><p>Ifthepluralendsins,thenaddonlytheapostrophe(’).</p><p>boys’ girls’ sisters’</p><p>EXERCISE13</p><p>Change the noun or pronoun to the possessive form, and use it as an</p><p>adjective.</p><p>Example:WeweresurprisedatBetty’sgettingmarriedsosoon.</p><p>1.Myparentsdonotapproveof_________datingDavid.(I)</p><p>2.Iamsotiredof_________notacceptinghisresponsibilities.(Peter)</p><p>3.Theteacherisafraidof_________notlearningenoughEnglishthisyear.</p><p>(herstudents)</p><p>4.Thethievesconfessedto_________stealingthemoney.(they)</p><p>5.Thewitnesstestifiedabout_________takingpicturesofthescientific</p><p>experiments.(he)</p><p>6.Thebosssaid,“Ineedtocounton_________takingpartinallofthese</p><p>activities.”(you)</p><p>7.Weareafraidof_________raisingtherent.(thelandlord)</p><p>8.Donottrytoexplain_________baddriving!Youtaughthim.(Terry)</p><p>9.Youdon’tlikeit!Areyoureferringto_________playingthepiano?(I)</p><p>10.Thechildrenarelookingforwardto_________visitingthem.(you)</p><p>11.Canwerelyon_________bringingthefoodtotheparty?(Kim)</p><p>12.Kerrycan’tdecideon_________takingthetripornot.(we)</p><p>13.Thatloudmusicdetractsfrom_________doingagoodjob.(the</p><p>workers)</p><p>14.Iresent_________givingmeaticketwhenIwasnotspeeding.(the</p><p>policeman)</p><p>15.We’relookinginto_________beingofferedthejob.(Tom)</p><p>16.I’mdependingon_________singingverywelltoday.(thegroup)</p><p>17.Georgeisplanningon_________drivingsomeofthestudents.(I)</p><p>18.Harryobjectsto_________nominatinganewpresident.(theclub)</p><p>19.Thedoctorisupsetwith_________nottakingenoughvitamins.(Ann)</p><p>20.Thevotersaretiredof_________spendingmoneysofoolishly.(the</p><p>government)</p><p>EXERCISE14</p><p>Changethenounorpronouninparenthesestothepossessiveform,anduse</p><p>itasanadjective.</p><p>1.Tom’sparentsaredissatisfiedwith_________acceptingajobabroad.</p><p>(he)</p><p>2.We’resurprisedat_________receivingthedramaaward.(Helen)</p><p>3.Aimeewasnotjealousofher_________winningthescholarship.</p><p>(friend)</p><p>4.Thechildrenwerefascinatedbythe_________jumpingupanddown.</p><p>(clowns)</p><p>5.Iamdependingon_________organizingthetripforus.(you)</p><p>6.Mrs.Genovesedisapprovedof_________commutingsofartowork</p><p>everyday.(me)</p><p>7._________acceptingthechallengedependsonhercommitmenttodoing</p><p>well.(Anne)</p><p>8.TheSenateapprovedofits_________receivingmorehealthbenefits.</p><p>(citizens)</p><p>9.Iwillrelyonmy_________findingtimetoworkwithme.(brother)</p><p>10.The_________thinkingquicklysavedhislittlesisterfromchoking.</p><p>(boy)</p><p>11.Melwillhavetopayforhis_________breakingthewindowwiththe</p><p>baseball.(son)</p><p>12._________exercisingtoomuchcausedpainsinhismuscles.(Tony)</p><p>Mobile User</p><p>13._________smokinginherofficecausedherco-workerstocomplain.</p><p>(Anita)</p><p>14._________movingtothecountrymadeabigdifferenceinourhealth.</p><p>(us)</p><p>15.Bynowweareaccustomedto_________arrivinglate.(they)</p><p>16.Iamafraidofthe_________catchingthefluthisseason.(children)</p><p>17._________fishingeverydaykeepshimbusyduringhisretirement.</p><p>(Lonnie)</p><p>18.The_________buildingtheirnestinourgaragecreatedsomeproblems.</p><p>(birds)</p><p>19.Maureenwasinterestedinthe_________keepingtheirdogintheyard.</p><p>(neighbors)</p><p>20.Weareconcernedabout_________drivingsolateatnight.(they)</p><p>SOMEANDANY</p><p>While some and any convey the same idea, they may not be used</p><p>interchangeably in standard written English. Some is used with affirmative</p><p>sentences,andany isusedwithnegativesandquestions.Theymaybeusedas</p><p>pronouns or adjectives. For affirmative statements, use some. For negative</p><p>statementsorquestions,useany.</p><p>Affirmative:Usesome.</p><p>Therearesomepapersonmydeskintheoffice.(adj.)</p><p>Isawsomeonyourstoo.(pronoun)</p><p>Somedaysarehotterthanothersinthesummer.(adj.)</p><p>Somearealsocolderinwinter.(pronoun)</p><p>Negative:Useany.</p><p>Davedoesnothaveanysparetimetoexercise.(adj.)</p><p>Wedon’thaveanyeither.(pronoun)</p><p>Noonehadanyideaonhowtosolvetheproblem.(adj.)</p><p>Idon’thaveanyeither.(pronoun)</p><p>Question:Useany.</p><p>Doyouhaveany29-centstampsforthisletter?(adj.)</p><p>Arethereanyinthedrawer?(pronoun)</p><p>HavetheyeverreadanyplaysbyShakespeare?(adj.)</p><p>HasheeverreadanybyMolière?(pronoun)</p><p>Thefollowingformsareallpronounsandcanbeusedonlyassubjectsand</p><p>objects:</p><p>Affirmative</p><p>someone sometime</p><p>somebody somewhere</p><p>something</p><p>Negativeorquestion</p><p>anyone anytime</p><p>anybody anywhere</p><p>anything</p><p>Thefollowingsentencesareinaffirmative:</p><p>Someoneisworkinginthekitchenrightnow.</p><p>Somebodycameherelookingforyoujustamomentago.</p><p>Tonyneedssomethingtowipeupthejuicehespilled.</p><p>Sometimenextweek,stopbytheofficetoseeme.</p><p>Ileftthebooksomewhereinmyhouse.</p><p>Thefollowingareexamplesofsentencesinnegativeorinquestionform:</p><p>Ican’tseeanyoneinthepool.Canyou?</p><p>Hasanybodyturnedinasetofcarkeys?</p><p>ThelibrarydidnothaveanythingIneededformyreport.</p><p>Thedoctordoesnothaveanytimetoseeyoutoday.</p><p>Ican’tgoanywherewithoutyou.</p><p>Keepinmindthattheformssomeone,somebody,anyone,anybodycanbe</p><p>adjectivesiftheybecomepossessivesbyadding’stothepronounform.</p><p>Boblosthisjacket.Haveyouseenit?</p><p>Ifoundsomeone’s(somebody’s)jacketinmycar.(adj.)</p><p>Aretheseanybody’s(anyone’s)housekeys?(adj.)</p><p>Helenedoesn’tthinkthattheyareanybody’s.(pronoun)</p><p>EXERCISE15</p><p>Usingthewordsfromthelistbelow,fillinthecorrectformineachspace.</p><p>Somesentencesgroupedtogetherarepartofamini-dialogue.</p><p>Example:Iknowthatsomeoneboughttheluckylotteryticket.</p><p>Doyouhaveanyofthenewcoinsjustputintocirculation?</p><p>1.Iwillsave_________cakefromthepartyforyou.</p><p>2.Doyouhave_________homeworktonight?</p><p>3.Hedoesn’thave_________vacationtimeleftthisyear.</p><p>4.“_________hasbeensleepinginmybed,”saidthebabybear.</p><p>5.Thechildrenareboredbecausetheydon’thave_________timetoplay</p><p>outside.</p><p>6.Wehaven’tseen_________weknowhereattheparty.</p><p>7.DidMr.Robertsonhave_________inmindforthejob?</p><p>8.Whiletheywereaway,_________brokeintotheirhouseandstoletheir</p><p>valuables.</p><p>9.Joelcan’tgotofootballgamesbecauseheneverhas_________free</p><p>timeonSaturdays.</p><p>10.Noonesaw_________unusualthatday.(object)</p><p>11.Wehopethattheywillgiveus_________informationontravelinginthe</p><p>Northwest.</p><p>12.Iamlookingfor_________redhemlace.</p><p>13.Gail,doyouhave_________?</p><p>14.No,Idon’t,butIamsureDollyhas_________.</p><p>15.Kellyhas_________inherhand.Whatisit?</p><p>16.It’sjust_________candythatherfriendgaveher.</p><p>17.Mr.Jansencan’tseeyouimmediatelybecausehehas_________inhis</p><p>office.</p><p>18.Therewasn’t_________athomewhenIcalledthismorning.</p><p>19.Thedefendantdidnotsay_________inhisdefense.</p><p>20.Didtheyfind_________interestinginthatoldtrunkintheattic?</p><p>COMPARISONOFADJECTIVES</p><p>Descriptiveadjectivesoradverbscanhavethreedifferentforms:positive,</p><p>comparative,andsuperlative.Hereareafewexamplesofthethreeforms:</p><p>The first form, thepositive degree, is the basic form of the adjective or</p><p>adverb, which describes one or more persons, objects, or ways of doing</p><p>something.</p><p>thebigwhitehouses (adjective)</p><p>acrazycat (adjective)</p><p>someornatepaintings (adjective)</p><p>Thedeerranfast. (adverb)</p><p>UnequalComparisons</p><p>The comparative is used to show a relationship between two objects,</p><p>persons, or groups that are equal or unequal to the same element of another</p><p>object, person, or group. Most one- and two-syllable adjectives add -er to</p><p>expressunequalcomparisons.</p><p>Adjective+ER</p><p>Adverb+ER</p><p>quiet>quieter high>higher</p><p>neat>neater fast>faster</p><p>quick>quicker</p><p>soon>sooner</p><p>Foradjectivesendingine,justaddrtotheroot.</p><p>Adjectivesendingin[E+R]</p><p>nice>nicer white>whiter</p><p>fine>finer tame>tamer</p><p>EXERCISE16</p><p>Foreachword,writethecomparison.</p><p>1.wide</p><p>2.pale</p><p>3.brave</p><p>4.cute</p><p>5.humble</p><p>6.noble</p><p>7.wise</p><p>8.polite</p><p>9.close</p><p>10.stale</p><p>11.late</p><p>12.large</p><p>13.ripe</p><p>14.rare</p><p>15.safe</p><p>Foradjectivesendingin[consonant+y]changeytoibeforeaddinger</p><p>happy>happier dainty>daintier</p><p>pretty>prettier lovely>lovelier</p><p>EXERCISE17</p><p>Changethefollowingfromthepositivedegreetothecomparative.</p><p>1.cozy</p><p>2.shy</p><p>3.dizzy</p><p>4.angry</p><p>5.easy</p><p>6.heavy</p><p>7.pretty</p><p>8.ugly</p><p>9.merry</p><p>10.early</p><p>11.noisy</p><p>12.friendly</p><p>13.lonely</p><p>14.healthy</p><p>15.lovely</p><p>Foradjectivesendingina[vowel+y],justadder.</p><p>coy>coyer gay>gayer(happy) gray>grayer</p><p>Toexpressunequalcomparisoninasentence,usethefollowingpattern:</p><p>subject+verb+[adjective+ER]+THAN+otherelement</p><p>Ben’sbrotheristallerthanhe.</p><p>Mrs.Andrewsisolderthanherson.</p><p>Thisblouseseemsnicerthanthatone.</p><p>Bethlookshappiertodaythanshedidyesterday.</p><p>NOTE</p><p>Aftercomparisons,usesubject,notobject,pronouns.</p><p>SylviaplaystheguitarbetterthanI.</p><p>Heneedsmoremoneythanshe.</p><p>EXERCISE18</p><p>Writethecorrectformofthecomparative.</p><p>Example:John’sroomisneaterthanmine.</p><p>Historyiseasierthancalculus.</p><p>1.Myneighborhoodis______________thanyours.(quiet)</p><p>2.Yournewfurniturelooks______________thantheold.(lovely)</p><p>3.Ourteamran______________thanyourteam.(fast)</p><p>4.Wandalives______________totheuniversitythanHarry.(close)</p><p>5.Afteralongdiet,Jessicais______________thanherfriends.(slim)</p><p>6.LosAngelesis______________thanOrlando.(hazy)</p><p>7.Thechildrenseem______________thantheirparentsafterthelong</p><p>airplaneride.(sleepy)</p><p>8.Thestreetsintheoldsectionoftownseem______________thanany</p><p>placeelse.(narrow)</p><p>9.Buffalofeels______________thanPittsburghinthewinter.(cold)</p><p>10.Womenseemtobe______________thanmeninthegameoflove.(coy)</p><p>Sometwo-syllableandallthree-syllableormoreadjectivesandadverbsuse</p><p>moreorlessplustheadjectiveoradverbforthecomparison.</p><p>+three-syllableadjectives</p><p>MORE}+beautiful,intelligent,quietly,quickly</p><p>LESS}+difficult,important,interesting,economical</p><p>NOTE</p><p>Nevercombinemoreandthe[adjective+er]form.</p><p>INCORRECT:morehappier,morefriendlier,morewiser</p><p>CORRECT: happier,friendlier,wiser</p><p>Two-syllableadjectivesending in the followingsuffixesusuallyusemore</p><p>orlessplustheadjectivetoexpressthecomparative:</p><p>MORE+foolish,careful,helpless,cautious,active</p><p>LESS+blatant,verbose,regal,caring,hyper,boring</p><p>EXERCISE19</p><p>Writethecomparativeforms.</p><p>1.famous</p><p>2.helpful</p><p>3.pensive</p><p>4.captive</p><p>5.exact</p><p>6.loving</p><p>7.daring</p><p>8.basic</p><p>9.fiendish</p><p>10.morose</p><p>11.cutting</p><p>12.clever</p><p>13.normal</p><p>14.sheepish</p><p>15.festive</p><p>16.glorious</p><p>17.childlike</p><p>18.alive</p><p>19.flagrant</p><p>20.fragrant</p><p>21.callous</p><p>22.forward</p><p>23.grateful</p><p>24.useless</p><p>25.selfish</p><p>Sometimes it is better to use an antonym than to try to use the [less +</p><p>adjective]pattern.</p><p>PaulisshorterthanDanny.</p><p>Janeisyoungerthanhercousins.</p><p>Usethesamepatternforsentencesasmentionedabove.</p><p>Thisproblemseemsmoredifficultthanthatone.</p><p>LarryfinishedhisworkmorequicklythanTom.</p><p>Sincehisaccident,Louislessabletoplaygolfthanbefore.</p><p>Idon’tbelieveLeslieactslesscapablythanBrian.</p><p>To indicate a greater degree of comparison, use much or far plus the</p><p>comparisonform.Muchandfarcanbeusedinterchangeablyinthecomparison.</p><p>Isaismuchmoreindependentthanhersistereverwas.</p><p>Thisjacketisfarlessexpensivethantheleatherone.</p><p>APorscheacceleratesfarmorequicklythanaFordEscort.</p><p>Beginningstudentsspeakmuchlessfluentlythanadvancedones.</p><p>Itisalsopossibletocomparenouns.</p><p>Therearefewerpeopleheretodaythanyesterday.</p><p>IhavelessfreetimethananyoneelseIknow.</p><p>Wecanvisitmorerelativesonthistripthanonthelast.</p><p>Ourprofessorhasmanymorebooksthanwehave.</p><p>Genespendsfarlesstimeonhisworkthanhisfriends.</p><p>JackhasfarmorefriendsthanBob.</p><p>EXERCISE20</p><p>Fill in the comparison using + (more/much) and – (less/fewer), and ++</p><p>(farmore)and––(farless)asyourguidestothecorrectforms.</p><p>Example:LucyisfarlessathleticthanJill.(––athletic)</p><p>Michelledrinksmorewaterinthesummerthaninthewinter.</p><p>(+)</p><p>1.Suegrades____________examsthanLucy.(++)</p><p>2.Thislacetableclothlooks____________theplasticone.(+pretty)</p><p>3.Inthesummergrapesare____________inthewinter.(+abundant)</p><p>4.Asachild,AlbertEinsteinseemed____________hisplaymates.(–</p><p>intelligent)</p><p>5.Theseatsinfirstclasshavebecome____________thoseinsecondclass.</p><p>(––cramped)</p><p>6.Inthisclassthereare____________studentsthanthereusedtobe.(++)</p><p>7.ThismorningStan’stalkwas____________itwasyesterday.(+</p><p>straightforward)</p><p>8.Todayweearn____________moneythanweusedtoearn.(––)</p><p>9.Inwarmweather,carsaccelerate____________incoldweather.(+</p><p>rapidly)</p><p>10.Ifoundthisbook____________theonethatJodyrecommended.(––</p><p>interesting)</p><p>Someadjectivescannotbecompared.Theseareafewthatcannot:</p><p>Dead:Itisimpossibletobedeaderthansomeoneorsomethingelse.</p><p>Unique:Itmeansoneofakindandallowsfornocomparison.</p><p>Pregnant:Itisimpossibletobealittlepregnantormorepregnantthananother.</p><p>Immaculate: Itmeanspureorsinless,absolutelyclean,anddoesnotallowfor</p><p>comparison.</p><p>Magnificent:Italreadyindicatesthehighestdegreeofperfection,superb.</p><p>Infinite:Italreadyindicateswithoutlimitsorbounds.</p><p>Ultimate:Itindicateslastpossibleorfinalofaseries.</p><p>Bare:Itmeanstotallywithoutclothingorfurniture.</p><p>Perfect:Itindicatesthehighestdegreepossible.</p><p>Inwintertheflowersaredead,andsoarethetrees.</p><p>AntoniGaudi’sarchitecturewasunique.</p><p>Pregnantwomenvisitagynecologist.</p><p>Judykeepsanimmaculatehouse.</p><p>VersaillesisamagnificentexampleofBaroquearchitecture.</p><p>Thereareinfinitewaystoarrangemusicalnotesinanopera.</p><p>John’sultimategoalistobecomeaprofessionalphotographer.</p><p>Janet’s bare apartment was longing for some furniture and a new</p><p>tenant.</p><p>Andyreceivedperfectscoresonallofhistests.</p><p>EXERCISE21</p><p>Using the following information, write unequal comparisons. Wherever</p><p>possible,writeonecomparisonusingagreaterdegreeandonecomparison</p><p>usingalesserdegree.</p><p>Example:Gardeniassmellverygood.Violetsdon’thavemucharoma.</p><p>Gardeniassmellmuchbetterthanviolets.</p><p>Violetssmellmuchlessthangardenias.</p><p>1.MexicoCityhas20millioninhabitants.Micanopyhasabout1,500.</p><p>2.Philipearns$100,000peryear.Tonyearns$35,000.</p><p>3.Nancyis35yearsoldandherbrotheris38.</p><p>4.Themillionairehassixcars.Ihaveone.</p><p>5.Theartbuildingis100feettall.Thelanguagelabis50feettall.</p><p>6.Achocolatebarhas230calories.Abananahas100.</p><p>7.Itis95degreesinArizonaand25degreesinAnchorage.</p><p>8.RudyreceivesC’sandD’sonhistests.RalphreceivesA’sandB’s.</p><p>9.ItisraininginClevelandandsnowinginBuffalo.</p><p>10.BettylearnedtospeakPortuguesewellinthreeyears.Ittookherten</p><p>yearstolearnArabic.</p><p>EXERCISE22</p><p>Makecomparisonsusingthefollowingpairsofwords.</p><p>Example:silk...denimSilkissofter(moreexpensive)thandenim.</p><p>1.silver...gold</p><p>2.elephant...monkey</p><p>3.cotton...plastic</p><p>4.Coca-Cola...milk</p><p>5.spinach...cake</p><p>6.TomCruise...PaulNewman</p><p>7.yacht...canoe</p><p>8.airplane...train</p><p>9.swimming...watchingtelevision</p><p>10.NorthPole...California</p><p>NOTE</p><p>Whenwritingcomparisonswithdifferent,itisincorrecttosay</p><p>differentthan.Use,instead,differentfrom.</p><p>subject+verb+DIFFERENT+FROM+noun</p><p>Yourbookisdifferentfrommine. Yourbookisdifferentthanmine.</p><p>Kurt’scarlooksdifferentfromyours. Kurt’scarlooksdifferentthanyours.</p><p>IrregularComparisons</p><p>There are some adjectives and adverbs that have irregular comparisons.</p><p>Herearesomeexamples:</p><p>Thisdesserttastesbetterthantheapplepie.</p><p>Theirbaseballteamwastheworstofall.</p><p>Denniswriteswell,butDeanwritesbetter.</p><p>SanDiegoisfartherfromNewYorkthanChicago.</p><p>EXERCISE23</p><p>Writeacomparisonforeachsentence.</p><p>Example:Harry’swritingisworsethanyours.</p><p>1.Dannyreceives________gradesthanhisbrother.(good)</p><p>2.Welive________fromtheuniversitythanyoudo.(far)</p><p>3.Nancy’sstudentsspeak________thanmost.(well)</p><p>4.Thefoodinthisrestaurantis________thanintheoneonthecorner.</p><p>(bad)</p><p>5.Ronfeelsmuch________todayaftertakinghismedicine.(good)</p><p>6.Benran________thananyotherathlete.(far)</p><p>7.Lucysings________thanAnita.(well)</p><p>8.Thisrecipesounds________thanyours.(good)</p><p>9.Clevelandhas________weatherthanRichmond.(bad)</p><p>10.Melplaystheguitar________thanIdo.(well)</p><p>EqualComparisons</p><p>Theothertypeofcomparisonsrelatesequalityorsamenesstotheelements</p><p>beingcompared.Oneelementisthesameastheother.</p><p>Ihavethreeoranges.Youhavethreeoranges.</p><p>Ihaveasmanyorangesasyou.</p><p>There are many skyscrapers in New York. There are also many</p><p>skyscrapersinChicago.</p><p>NewYorkhasasmanyskyscrapersasChicago.</p><p>Thepatternforequalcomparisondiffersfromunequalcomparison.</p><p>AS+adjective+AS</p><p>AS+adverb+AS</p><p>AS+ +(non-count)noun+AS</p><p>AS+MANY+(countable)noun+AS</p><p>PaulisastallasPeter.</p><p>SuetypesasfastasJennifer.</p><p>Wehaveasmuchtimeasyou</p><p>SandywritesasmanylettersasVirginia.</p><p>TheGlassBoutiquehasasmanyvasesastheEmporium.</p><p>Makeaslittlenoiseaspossible,becauseyourfatherisasleep.</p><p>NOTE</p><p>Rememberthatsubject,notobject,pronounsfollowcomparisons.</p><p>Theyhaveasmanybooksaswe.</p><p>Noonestudiesashardasshe.</p><p>EXERCISE24</p><p>Combine the two sentences to show equal comparisons. There may be</p><p>severalpossibilitiesforsomeofthesentences.</p><p>1.Kevinhittwohomerunsinyesterday’sgame.Davealsohittwohome</p><p>runs.</p><p>2.It’s75degreesinOahuand75degreesinDallas.</p><p>3.Maureenatethreepiecesofpizza,andhersisteratethree.</p><p>4.BriansleepseighthourseverynightandRitasleepseight.</p><p>5.Philweights180pounds.Harryweighs180pounds.</p><p>6.Tracyworksverydiligentlyinschool.Trishaalsoworksverydiligently.</p><p>7.Thissweatercosts$10.95.Theyellowonealsocosts$10.95.</p><p>8.Joelrunsamileintenminutes.Hisbrotheralsorunsamileinten</p><p>minutes.</p><p>9.Thelongdressisveryelegant.Theshortdressisalsoelegant.</p><p>10.JoséspendsfourhoursadaystudyingEnglishandfourhoursstudying</p><p>math.</p><p>11.Somehighschoolstudentsdosixassignmentsforhomeworkevery</p><p>night.Somecollegestudentsalsodosixhoursofassignments.</p><p>12.JoanCollinshasalotofjewelry.LizTaylorhasalotofjewelry.</p><p>13.Intheirnewapartment,theAndersonshavesixpiecesoffurnitureinthe</p><p>diningroomandsixpiecesinthelivingroom.</p><p>14.Thereareonly18studentsinthechemistryclassandonly18inthe</p><p>physicsclass.</p><p>15.Ipaid$45formytextbook.Annepaid$45forherbook.</p><p>TheSameAs</p><p>Anothertypeofcomparisonshowingequalityusestheexpressionthesame</p><p>as.Therearenoadjectivesnoradverbsexpressedinthesecomparisons.</p><p>Yourkeyslookthesameasmine.</p><p>Hisringshinesthesameashers.</p><p>Comparisons can also bemade by using a noun to express the common</p><p>element.</p><p>subject+verb+THESAME+noun+AS</p><p>Thisgateisthesameheightasthatone.</p><p>YoursweateristhesamecolorasJan’s.</p><p>Superlatives</p><p>Thelasttypeofcomparisoninvolvingthreeormoreelementsiscalledthe</p><p>superlativedegree.Oneentityisthefocusincomparisonagainsttheremaining</p><p>entities.Thiscanalsobeexpressed inhigherand lowerdegrees.Adjectivesof</p><p>oneortwosyllablesfollowthispattern:</p><p>THE+[adjective+EST]+ [OF+pluralnoun]</p><p>[IN+singularnoun]</p><p>Danisthetallestoftheboys.</p><p>Sandyistheneatestinthefamily.</p><p>Adjectivesofthreeormoresyllablesfollowanotherpattern:</p><p>Many Italians say that the Vatican is the most beautiful of all</p><p>buildings.</p><p>SomeFrenchthinkthattheVenusdeMiloisthemostimportantwork</p><p>intheLouvre.</p><p>Samthinksthatmathistheleastsignificantofhiscourses.</p><p>Adverbscanalsobeexpressedassuperlatives.</p><p>THE+[adverb+EST]+[OF+plural]</p><p>THE+[MOST+adverb]+[IN+singular]</p><p>APorscherunsthefastestofall.</p><p>Tomstudiedthemostdiligentlyinhisclass.</p><p>EXERCISE25:WRITING</p><p>Studytheinformationcarefullyandwritestatements,usingthesuperlative.</p><p>Usebothhighestandlowestdegreesofcomparisonwhereverpossible.</p><p>Example: Glen likes to travel and is considering the following</p><p>vacations.Europe—21days,Mexico—14days,andCanada</p><p>—20 days. Europe is the longest vacation.Mexico is the</p><p>shortestvacation.</p><p>1.Semi-glosspaintcosts$21agallon,satin$18,andflat$16agallon.</p><p>2.Therearethreecansonthetable:7ouncesofpeas,4ouncesof</p><p>mushrooms,and16ouncesofcorn.</p><p>3.One-halfcupofsomefruitshasmorecaloriesandismorefatteningthan</p><p>others:apricots128calories,cantaloupe35calories,andpears97.</p><p>4.It’shottoday:Cleveland95degrees,Atlanta87degrees,andTrenton80</p><p>degrees.</p><p>5.DistancesfromOlympia,Washington:Tacoma30miles,Bremerton56,</p><p>Aberdeen49.</p><p>6.Helenhasfourholidaycandlesburning:red3hours,green1hour,and</p><p>white45minutes.</p><p>7.Danismeasuringcabinetsforhishouse:kitchen36incheswide,bath27</p><p>inches,laundry30inches.</p><p>8.Thefootballteamwenttoarestaurantafterthebiggame.The</p><p>quarterbackatethreehamburgers,thecoachhadtwo,andthekickerate</p><p>one.</p><p>9.Threeathleteswanttobehealthy.Arthurjogsfourmileseverydayand</p><p>eatsnoredmeat.Jillloveshamburgersandfrenchfries,butsheswims</p><p>35lapseveryday.Teddrivestoclassandsnacksonjunkfoodeveryday.</p><p>10.Itwasahotsummerday.Cindydrankthreeglassesoflemonade,Suzy</p><p>two,andDianefour.</p><p>EXERCISE26</p><p>Foreachsentence,supplythecorrectform.</p><p>1.Yourhouseis___________(far)fromtheuniversitythanmine.</p><p>2.Ilikethissoup___________(good)ofall.</p><p>3.Todayismuch___________(hot)thanyesterday.</p><p>4.Thisfurnitureis___________(expensive)thanthat.</p><p>5.ElvisPresleyis___________(famous)thanPerryComo.</p><p>6.Yourbookseems___________(boring)thanmine.</p><p>7.Thisguideis___________(helpful)thantheonethatthetravelagent</p><p>recommended.</p><p>8.Petewas___________(interested)inthedemonstrationthanhisyounger</p><p>brotherwas.</p><p>9.Goodstudentsattendclass___________(frequently)thanpoorones.</p><p>10.Paquitoisthe___________(bad)playerofall.</p><p>11.Mary’schildwassonervousthathesatthe___________(quietly)ofall</p><p>thechildren.</p><p>12.Thefirstcontestantansweredthequestionsthe___________(quickly)of</p><p>all.</p><p>13.TheGreenBeanisthe___________(good)restaurantofanyIhave</p><p>visited.</p><p>14.TheNorthPolehas___________(cold)temperaturesthanAlaska.</p><p>15.MarryingTimwasthe___________(foolish)thingMaryhadeverdone.</p><p>EXERCISE27</p><p>Usethecorrectform:than,as,from,ormore.</p><p>1.Yourdictionaryisquitedifferent from mine.</p><p>2.Hisjobisnotthesame__________yours.</p><p>3.Anunskilledlaborerislessqualified__________askilledone.</p><p>4.Thedresscostsfarmore__________theskirt.</p><p>5.Skiingonsnowisasdangerous__________skiingonwater.</p><p>6.EnriquespeaksSpanishaswell__________English.</p><p>7.Paramedicsaredifferent__________specialists.</p><p>8.Theseanswersarethesame__________theonesIwrote.</p><p>9.Jackie’shairislonger__________hersister’s.</p><p>10.Algebraisdifferent__________geometry.</p><p>11.Springis__________pleasantthanwinter.</p><p>12.Thegirlsplay__________roughassomeoftheboys.</p><p>13.Sara’scultureissomuchdifferent__________mine.</p><p>14.The__________youearn,themoreyouspend.</p><p>15.Theplotofthisplayislessinteresting__________theoneyouarereading.</p><p>EXERCISE28</p><p>Circletheunderlineditemthatisincorrect.</p><p>1.Inamarriageitisnecessaryforeachofthepartnerstoknowasmuchas</p><p>itispossibleabouteachother.</p><p>A.each</p><p>B.as</p><p>C.itis</p><p>D.abouteachother</p><p>2.Nobodyaskedmeaboutmyfriend’swinningthelottery,andIdidn’t</p><p>volunteeranyinformation.</p><p>A.Nobody</p><p>B.me</p><p>C.myfriend</p><p>D.any</p><p>3.Thefootballteammadetoomucherrorsandfumblesthattheplayers</p><p>literallygavethewintotheiropponents.</p><p>A.toomuch</p><p>B.literally</p><p>C.thewin</p><p>D.their</p><p>4.ItisinterestingthatMedievalthoughtwasgreatlyinfluencingbythe</p><p>Greeks.</p><p>A.that</p><p>B.greatly</p><p>C.influencing</p><p>D.Greeks</p><p>5.Thevegetablesouptastedsowellthatwedecidedtohaveasecond</p><p>helping.</p><p>A.The</p><p>B.well</p><p>C.decided</p><p>D.a</p><p>6.Bycreatingtheirownbeautifulartisticdesigns,apersoncanfeelagreat</p><p>senseofaccomplishmentinknowingthatthepatternsareunique.</p><p>A.their</p><p>B.canfeel</p><p>C.inknowing</p><p>D.are</p><p>7.Therearemuchbooksinthelibraryonaccounting.</p><p>A.There</p><p>B.much</p><p>C.the</p><p>D.on</p><p>8.Thestudentsthoughtthattheteacherhadgiventhemaunusuallydifficult</p><p>homeworkassignment.</p><p>A.thought</p><p>B.hadgiven</p><p>C.a</p><p>D.difficult</p><p>9.Mary’sparentsdisapprovedofhersattendingthecompanyconferenceso</p><p>farawayfromherhome.</p><p>A.disapproved</p><p>B.hers</p><p>C.sofaraway</p><p>D.home</p><p>10.Mrs.Jansenwasdivorcingfromherhusbandfouryearsagobecauseof</p><p>theirincompatibility.</p><p>A.divorcing</p><p>B.from</p><p>C.ago</p><p>D.their</p><p>11.Althoughthegirl’ssingingwasslightlyoff-key,herguitar’splaying</p><p>attractedtheattentionofthosewhowerenearby.</p><p>A.Although</p><p>B.slightly</p><p>C.guitar’s</p><p>D.were</p><p>12.Afteracarefullyinvestigation,wesoondiscoveredthatthehousewas</p><p>infestedwithtermitesandotherundesirableinsects.</p><p>A.carefully</p><p>B.soon</p><p>C.infested</p><p>D.other</p><p>13.Iwasverymuchsurprisedathimrefusingthepositionofvicepresident</p><p>ofthenewly-formedcorporation.</p><p>A.verymuch</p><p>B.him</p><p>C.the</p><p>D.newly-formed</p><p>14.Thewitnesstestimonywasessentialtoprovingthatthedefendantwas</p><p>nowherenearthesceneofthecrime.</p><p>A.witness</p><p>B.was</p><p>C.toproving</p><p>D.nowhere</p><p>15.TheJensenssaidthattheirvacationlastsummerwasmostenjoyablyand</p><p>relativelyinexpensive.</p><p>A.The</p><p>B.was</p><p>C.enjoyably</p><p>D.relatively</p><p>16.Sincewehaven’thadtoomanyrainlately,theflowersareratherwilted,</p><p>andmanyaredying.</p><p>A.haven’thad</p><p>B.many</p><p>C.ratherwilted</p><p>D.dying</p><p>EXERCISE29</p><p>Beloweachsentence,youwillseeanswersmarkedA,B,C,andD.Select</p><p>theoneanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.</p><p>1.Manywomenliketochange_____appearancefromtimetotime</p><p>becauseitmakesthemfeelmoreattractive.</p><p>A.her</p><p>B.your</p><p>C.their</p><p>D.our</p><p>2.Peoplethinkthatpandasare_____thanbears,butactuallytheyare</p><p>rathershy.</p><p>A.friendlier</p><p>B.mostfriendly</p><p>C.friendliest</p><p>D.friendly</p><p>3.Veniceisoneof_____citiesinEurope.</p><p>A.morebeautiful</p><p>B.themorebeautiful</p><p>C.mostbeautiful</p><p>D.themostbeautiful</p><p>4.Has_____seenmyglovesandmyhat?</p><p>A.anyone</p><p>B.anything</p><p>C.someone</p><p>D.nobody</p><p>5.Harryis_____ofallthestudentsinthegymclass.</p><p>A.taller</p><p>B.thetallest</p><p>C.themosttall</p><p>D.moretall</p><p>6.The_____canariesdelightedtheaudience.</p><p>A.sung</p><p>B.singing</p><p>C.sang</p><p>D.sings</p><p>7.Ourdirector’s_____newsgaveustheincentivetofinishourproject.</p><p>A.encouraging</p><p>B.encouraged</p><p>C.encourages</p><p>D.encourage</p><p>8.The_____itrained,theharderwerowedtheboattogettoshore.</p><p>A.as</p><p>B.from</p><p>C.more</p><p>D.than</p><p>IntermediateGrammar</p><p>ESL</p><p>CHAPTER3</p><p>Adverbs</p><p>Chapter3</p><p>Adverbs</p><p>Adverbs are words that modify an action verb, an adjective, or another</p><p>adverb.Iftheadverbmodifiestheverb,itusuallyfollowsit.</p><p>Nancriedhystericallyastheflamesenvelopedhercar.</p><p>Lenranquicklytocatchtheball.</p><p>Whenanadverbmodifiesanadjective,italwaysprecedestheadjective.</p><p>C.EverettKoopisawell-knownmedicalauthority.</p><p>Saulhaddiedbeforereturningtohisdearlybelovedland.</p><p>Someexamplesofadverbsofintensitymodifyingotheradverbs:</p><p>*UsedmoreinlessformalEnglishtoindicateintensity.</p><p>Thecarsdrovesofastthatwecouldn’tseethelicenses.</p><p>Jacobmovedthemirrorveryslowly.</p><p>Thecardrovereallyfastasitmadeitsgetaway.</p><p>Adverbsof timeandfrequencydon’tendin-ly.Theyusuallyprecede the</p><p>verb.Herearesomeinthiscategory:</p><p>Mycousinsseldomvisitusnowthatwehavemoved.</p><p>Heneverwantstogothereagain.</p><p>Adverbsofmannerareformedbyadding-lytotheadjective.</p><p>quick>quickly careful>carefully</p><p>However, therearea fewforms thathaveminorchanges.With those that</p><p>endinaconsonant+y,changetheytoibeforeaddingthely.</p><p>easy>easily happy>happily</p><p>Withadjectivesendinginic,addallytoformtheadverb.</p><p>majestic>majestically angelic>angelically</p><p>Withotheradjectivesendinginble,droptheeandaddonlyy.</p><p>reasonable>reasonably noble>nobly</p><p>Adjectives look at how orwhen something is/was done. An action that</p><p>happenedmorethanonceinthepastisindicatedbythefollowingexpressions:</p><p>Adverbs of frequency (often, usually, frequently, sometimes, generally,</p><p>normally)usuallycomebetweentheauxiliaryverbhaveandthepastparticiple.</p><p>WehaveoftenvisitedourfriendsinAtlanta.</p><p>Theauthorhassometimeswrittenaboutherpersonallifeinhernovels.</p><p>Mostadverbsendin-ly—forexample:</p><p>rapidly slowly quietly easily comfortably</p><p>EXERCISE30</p><p>EXERCISE30</p><p>Changetheadjectivestoadverbsbyadding-ally.Lookupanywordsyou</p><p>don’tknow.</p><p>Example:frantic>frantically</p><p>1.basic________________</p><p>2.historic______________</p><p>3.majestic______________</p><p>4.economic______________</p><p>5.comic_________________</p><p>6.strategic_____________</p><p>7.critic________________</p><p>8.antiseptic____________</p><p>9.cryptic_______________</p><p>10.sympathetic_________</p><p>11.artistic____________</p><p>12.domestic____________</p><p>13.automatic___________</p><p>14.aromatic____________</p><p>15.organic_____________</p><p>16.systematic__________</p><p>EXERCISE31</p><p>Createadverbsbychangingtheytoiandaddingly.</p><p>Example:easy>easily</p><p>1.sloppy_______________</p><p>2.heavy________________</p><p>3.angry________________</p><p>4.clumsy_______________</p><p>5.ready________________</p><p>6.busy_________________</p><p>7.steady_______________</p><p>8.merry________________</p><p>EXERCISE32</p><p>EXERCISE32</p><p>Changetotheadverbformbydroppingtheeandaddingonlyay.</p><p>Example:notable>notably</p><p>1.noble_______________</p><p>2.able________________</p><p>3.capable_____________</p><p>4.responsible_________</p><p>5.feasible____________</p><p>6.comfortable_________</p><p>FREQUENCYADVERBS</p><p>These adverbs show the number of times that an action takes place or is</p><p>repeated.Thefollowingarelistedinorderofoccurrence.Thegraphshowshow</p><p>theyrelatetooneanother.</p><p>Inasentence,theseadverbswillcomedirectlybeforeasimpleverbtense.</p><p>Jamesalways checks out his computers before he sells them to his</p><p>customers.</p><p>Margaritaneverspokeharshlytoherstudents.</p><p>Theprojectbarelymeetsthefederalguidelines.</p><p>Whentheseadverbsareusedwithperfect tenses(have+pastparticiple)</p><p>theyareplacedbetweenhaveandthepastparticiple.</p><p>Wehaveoftenvisitedthatmuseum.</p><p>Thedirectorhasoccasionallyaskedhisemployeesforsuggestions.</p><p>WendyhadneverbeentoNiagaraFallsbefore1993.</p><p>If thecompound tensesareusedasquestions, then the frequencyadverbs</p><p>areplaceddirectlybeforethepastparticiple.</p><p>HaveyounevergonetoStoneMountainnearAtlanta?</p><p>HasJanetalwayslivedinVermont?</p><p>HadJackusuallywrittenpoetrybeforehedecidedtowritefiction?</p><p>EXERCISE33</p><p>For each sentence, replace the words in parentheses with one of the</p><p>frequencyadverbsinthelist</p><p>thatmeansthesameornearlythesame.Some</p><p>mayberepeated.</p><p>Example: Jeff barely knew Mandy when they married after a short</p><p>engagement.(almostnotatall)</p><p>1.Deborah___________visitshergrandmother.(everyday)</p><p>2.Allen___________getslowgradesonhistests.(almostnever)</p><p>3.Leonardo___________studiesinthelibrary.(manydays)</p><p>4.HasMarina___________gonetoarockconcert?(notonetime)</p><p>5.ChrisandJoehave___________watchedabaseballgameontelevision.</p><p>(onlytwotimes)</p><p>6.___________myfriendsandIgototheshoppingmall.(threetimes</p><p>everymonth)</p><p>7.I___________everseeyouanymore.(notverymuch)</p><p>8.Sandyandherhusband___________eatdinneratarestaurant.(maybe</p><p>onceamonth)</p><p>9.We___________receivejunkmailathome.(almosteveryday)</p><p>10.Mr.Davis___________travelstoJapanonbusiness,buthegoestoEurope</p><p>onceamonth.(onetimeeverytwoyears)</p><p>EXERCISE34</p><p>Writethefrequencyadverbinitsproperplaceinthesentence.</p><p>Example:Mickeywatchessportseventsontelevision.(rarely)</p><p>Answer:Mickeyrarelywatchessportseventsontelevision.</p><p>1.FootballfanswatchthegamesonSundayafternoons.(always)</p><p>2.PasqualehaswrittenalettertohiscousininItaly.(never)</p><p>3.Ihaveseenthatprogram,butIdon’tlikeit.(occasionally)</p><p>4.WestudyonFridayafternoons.(usually)</p><p>5.Martapreparesapeachpieforspecialoccasions.(generally)</p><p>6.Theyseeusonweekends,becausewearesobusy.(hardly)</p><p>7.Monicahasgoneshoppinginthenewmall,becauseitissofaraway.</p><p>(seldom)</p><p>8.Thisneighborhoodisquiet,buttodayitisrathernoisy.(usually)</p><p>9.HasJudesungandplayedforthelocaldances?(sometimes)</p><p>10.Haveyouthoughtaboutwritinganovel?(often)</p><p>11.Thegirlstakethebustowork,buttodayitwasrainingandtheygota</p><p>ride.(generally)</p><p>12.IhaveseenTomwithouthiswifeatthecouncilmeetings.(seldom)</p><p>13.Theytalktoussincetheymovedtothenewneighborhood.(barely)</p><p>14.WetakethechildrentotheparkforapicniconSundays.(frequently)</p><p>15.Haveyouwonthelottery?(never)</p><p>YET,STILL,ALREADY,NEVER,EVER</p><p>Yetisusedwithquestionsandnegativeanswersandindicatesatimeupto</p><p>thepresent.Itusuallycomesattheendofthesentence.Itisusedmostlywiththe</p><p>presentperfecttense.</p><p>Theplanehasn’tarrivedyet.</p><p>Havetheyfinishedtheirreportyet?</p><p>Still indicates a continuing action in progress at a given time in the past,</p><p>present, or future. Still follows the verb be and precedes other verbs except</p><p>auxiliariesinquestions.</p><p>Marshaisstillpresidentofthegroup.</p><p>Did the language department still offer Russian when you were a</p><p>student?</p><p>Hestillhasn’tfinishedhiswork.Hehasstillnotfinishedhiswork.</p><p>Nevermeans“notonce”;itisalsoanegativeanswertoaneverquestion.</p><p>HaveyouevermetthePresident?</p><p>IhavenevermetthePresident.</p><p>Ever means “on one occasion”; it is also used for questions. It comes</p><p>betweentheauxiliaryandthemainverbandcanbeusedwithanegative.</p><p>Haveyoueverbeentoarockconcert?</p><p>No,Ihaven’teverbeentoarockconcert.</p><p>Already is used in affirmative sentences to show that an actionhas taken</p><p>place.Itusuallycomesbetweentheauxiliaryandthemainverb.</p><p>Wehavealreadyseenthemovie.</p><p>The passengers had already left the plane before their relatives</p><p>arrived.</p><p>EXERCISE35</p><p>Completeeachsentence,usingoneofthewordsbelow.Theremaybemore</p><p>thanonecorrectanswerinsomesentences.</p><p>Example:Ineverwanttoseesomuchviolenceagain.</p><p>1.Haveyoureadtoday’snewspaper__________?</p><p>2.TheJohnsonshave__________visitedSwitzerland.</p><p>3.Kurtis__________writinghistermpaper.</p><p>4.Areyou__________livinginPhoenix?</p><p>5.Theprofessorhasn’tarrived__________.</p><p>6.HasNancytakenhermorningcoffeebreak__________?</p><p>7.Wehave__________boughtticketsfortheopera.</p><p>8.Martinwas__________workingfortheairlineswhenIsawhim.</p><p>yet</p><p>yet</p><p>already</p><p>still</p><p>still</p><p>yet</p><p>9.Haveyoureviewedyourirregularverbs__________?</p><p>10.Havethey__________visitedNiagaraFalls?</p><p>11.Isyourfriend__________planningtovisityouthismonth?</p><p>12.Hasthenewtradeagreementbeennegotiated__________?</p><p>13.Wehaven’tansweredhisletter__________.</p><p>14.Melanieis__________readingthatnovelthatshestartedwhileshewas</p><p>onvacation.</p><p>15.Noonehasseenthedirector__________today.</p><p>16.Fiftypercentoftheprojecthas__________beencompleted.</p><p>17.Herfatherwasachemist,butMarleen__________receivedgoodgrades</p><p>inchemistry.</p><p>18.Isthatteam__________goingtowinagamethisyear?</p><p>EXERCISE36</p><p>Completesentences,usingthewordsbelow.</p><p>1.Susanhas_________writtenherthesis.</p><p>2.Iam_________notreadytodiscussthatcontroversialissue.</p><p>3.Someoneelsehas_________takenyourseat.</p><p>4.Melissa_________allowshersistertowearherclothes.</p><p>5.Thephysicalfitnessgroupis_________joggingeverymorning.</p><p>6.DidthePope_________gotoAfricaonavisit?</p><p>7.WillValerie_________marryherchildhoodsweetheart?</p><p>8.Ihave_________seenaredbutterflybefore.Haveyou?</p><p>9.Canyou_________forgivemeformakingsuchamistake?</p><p>10.ManyNorthernersarewonderingifspringwill_________arrive.</p><p>11.We_________seemtohavetimeafterworktogoshoppinginthemall.</p><p>12.HasSally_________flowninaConcordejet?</p><p>13.Ritahasn’tgraduatedfromhighschool_________.</p><p>14.Louie’steamhas_________wontwochampionshipsandhopestowina</p><p>third.</p><p>15.Hasanyoneelse_________wonsevengoldmedals?Idon’tthinkso.</p><p>16.Isthestore_________havingitsbigsummerwhitesale?</p><p>17.Noonehasvolunteeredtoacceptthechairmanship_________.</p><p>IntermediateGrammar</p><p>ESL</p><p>CHAPTER4</p><p>Prepositions</p><p>Chapter4</p><p>PREPOSITIONS</p><p>Prepositionsareawordorgroupofwordsthatshowtherelationbetween</p><p>theobjectandsomeotherwordinthesentence.Hereisapartiallistforyouto</p><p>learn.</p><p>about</p><p>above</p><p>accordingto</p><p>across</p><p>after</p><p>against</p><p>aheadof</p><p>along</p><p>among</p><p>apartfrom</p><p>around</p><p>as</p><p>asfaras</p><p>at</p><p>becauseof</p><p>before</p><p>below</p><p>beside</p><p>between</p><p>beyond</p><p>but(except)</p><p>by</p><p>concerning</p><p>contraryto</p><p>despite</p><p>down</p><p>during</p><p>except</p><p>for</p><p>from</p><p>in</p><p>inadditionto</p><p>infrontof</p><p>inplaceof</p><p>inregardto</p><p>inspiteof</p><p>inviewof</p><p>inside</p><p>insteadof</p><p>into</p><p>like</p><p>near</p><p>of</p><p>off</p><p>on</p><p>onaccountof</p><p>out</p><p>outof</p><p>over</p><p>past</p><p>since</p><p>through</p><p>throughout</p><p>to</p><p>toward</p><p>under</p><p>underneath</p><p>until(till)</p><p>up</p><p>upto</p><p>upon</p><p>with</p><p>within</p><p>without</p><p>Prepositionalphrases includeprepositionsusually followedby theanda</p><p>nounandindicatetimeorlocation.Theyanswerthequestionswhenorwhere.</p><p>WestudyEnglishandmathinthemorning.(when?)</p><p>Mr.Northpreferstodrivetotheoffice.(where?)</p><p>Intermsoflocation,lookattheprepositionalphrasesasanyplacearatcan</p><p>go(underthesink,behindthesofa,betweenthewalls,etc.).</p><p>Prepositionsexceptto (whichmayprecedethesimpleformoftheverbor</p><p>gerund)precedeagerund.</p><p>Somestudentsputoffstudyingaslongaspossible.</p><p>Salisagainsthuntingdeer.</p><p>Prepositionscanaccompanynouns,verbs,andadjectivesasanintegralpart</p><p>of the phrase.Here is a partial list by category. Please seeAppendixD for a</p><p>morecompletelist.</p><p>Prepositions are a difficult concept, andmost often the bestway to learn</p><p>themistolistentohowtheyareusedwithcertainexpressions.Amorecomplete</p><p>ofexpressionsandtheirappropriateprepositionsislocatedinAppendixD.Look</p><p>atthefollowingexamples:</p><p>In:years,months,city,state,country,theuniversity,insideabuilding</p><p>In 1990 I lived in San Francisco, in California, while I was in the</p><p>university.</p><p>On: specific date, name of a street, day of the week, different forms of</p><p>transportation (bus, plane), certain floors of buildings, location (on the</p><p>table/desk/sofa)</p><p>Marywasborn</p>
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